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Fri, 26 Apr 2024 Country Climate Aruba tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation Antigua and Barbuda tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation United Arab Emirates desert; cooler in eastern mountains Afghanistan arid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summers Algeria arid to semiarid; mild, wet winters with hot, dry summers along coast; drier with cold winters and hot summers on high plateau; sirocco is a hot, dust/sand-laden wind especially common in summer Azerbaijan dry, semiarid steppe Albania mild temperate; cool, cloudy, wet winters; hot, clear, dry summers; interior is cooler and wetter Armenia highland continental, hot summers, cold winters Andorra temperate; snowy, cold winters and warm, dry summers Angola semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda; north has cool, dry season (May to October) and hot, rainy season (November to April) American Samoa tropical marine, moderated by southeast trade winds; annual rainfall averages about 3 m; rainy season from November to April, dry season from May to October; little seasonal temperature variation Argentina mostly temperate; arid in southeast; subantarctic in southwest Australia generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east; tropical in north Ashmore and Cartier Islands tropical Austria temperate; continental, cloudy; cold winters with frequent rain and some snow in lowlands and snow in mountains; moderate summers with occasional showers Anguilla tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds Akrotiri temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters Antarctica severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation, and distance from the ocean; East Antarctica is colder than West Antarctica because of its higher elevation; Antarctic Peninsula has the most moderate climate; higher temperatures occur in January along the coast and average slightly below freezing Bahrain arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers Barbados tropical; rainy season (June to October) Botswana semiarid; warm winters and hot summers Bermuda subtropical; mild, humid; gales, strong winds common in winter Belgium temperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy, humid, cloudy Bahamas, The tropical marine; moderated by warm waters of Gulf Stream Bangladesh tropical; mild winter (October to March); hot, humid summer (March to June); humid, warm rainy monsoon (June to October) Belize tropical; very hot and humid; rainy season (May to November); dry season (February to May) Bosnia and Herzegovina hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast Bolivia varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid Burma tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon, June to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, December to April) Benin tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north Belarus cold winters, cool and moist summers; transitional between continental and maritime Solomon Islands tropical monsoon; few extremes of temperature and weather Navassa Island marine, tropical Brazil mostly tropical, but temperate in south Bassas da India tropical Bhutan varies; tropical in southern plains; cool winters and hot summers in central valleys; severe winters and cool summers in Himalayas Bulgaria temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers Bouvet Island antarctic Brunei tropical; hot, humid, rainy Burundi equatorial; high plateau with considerable altitude variation (772 m to 2,670 m above sea level); average annual temperature varies with altitude from 23 to 17 degrees centigrade but is generally moderate as the average altitude is about 1,700 m; average annual rainfall is about 150 cm; wet seasons from February to May and September to November, and dry seasons from June to August and December to January Canada varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north Cambodia tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to November); dry season (December to April); little seasonal temperature variation Chad tropical in south, desert in north Sri Lanka tropical monsoon; northeast monsoon (December to March); southwest monsoon (June to October) Congo, Republic of the tropical; rainy season (March to June); dry season (June to October); constantly high temperatures and humidity; particularly enervating climate astride the Equator Congo, Democratic Republic of the tropical; hot and humid in equatorial river basin; cooler and drier in southern highlands; cooler and wetter in eastern highlands; north of Equator - wet season April to October, dry season December to February; south of Equator - wet season November to March, dry season April to October China extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north Chile temperate; desert in north; Mediterranean in central region; cool and damp in south Cayman Islands tropical marine; warm, rainy summers (May to October) and cool, relatively dry winters (November to April) Cocos (Keeling) Islands tropical with high humidity, moderated by the southeast trade winds for about nine months of the year Cameroon varies with terrain, from tropical along coast to semiarid and hot in north Comoros tropical marine; rainy season (November to May) Colombia tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands Northern Mariana Islands tropical marine; moderated by northeast trade winds, little seasonal temperature variation; dry season December to June, rainy season July to October Coral Sea Islands tropical Costa Rica tropical and subtropical; dry season (December to April); rainy season (May to November); cooler in highlands Central African Republic tropical; hot, dry winters; mild to hot, wet summers Cuba tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to April); rainy season (May to October) Cape Verde temperate; warm, dry summer; precipitation meager and very erratic Cook Islands tropical; moderated by trade winds Cyprus temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters Denmark temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and cool summers Djibouti desert; torrid, dry Dominica tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds; heavy rainfall Jarvis Island tropical; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun Dominican Republic tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation; seasonal variation in rainfall Dhekelia temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters Ecuador tropical along coast, becoming cooler inland at higher elevations; tropical in Amazonian jungle lowlands European Union cold temperate; potentially subarctic in the north to temperate; mild wet winters; hot dry summers in the south Egypt desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters Ireland temperate maritime; modified by North Atlantic Current; mild winters, cool summers; consistently humid; overcast about half the time Equatorial Guinea tropical; always hot, humid Estonia maritime, wet, moderate winters, cool summers Eritrea hot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast; cooler and wetter in the central highlands (up to 61 cm of rainfall annually); semiarid in western hills and lowlands; rainfall heaviest during June-September except in coastal desert El Salvador tropical; rainy season (May to October); dry season (November to April); tropical on coast; temperate in uplands Ethiopia tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation Europa Island tropical Czech Republic temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters French Guiana tropical; hot, humid; little seasonal temperature variation Finland cold temperate; potentially subarctic but comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes Fiji tropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature variation Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) cold marine; strong westerly winds, cloudy, humid; rain occurs on more than half of days in year; average annual rainfall is 24 inches in Stanley; occasional snow all year, except in January and February, but does not accumulate Micronesia, Federated States of tropical; heavy year-round rainfall, especially in the eastern islands; located on southern edge of the typhoon belt with occasionally severe damage Faroe Islands mild winters, cool summers; usually overcast; foggy, windy French Polynesia tropical, but moderate Baker Island equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun France generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and hot summers along the Mediterranean; occasional strong, cold, dry, north-to-northwesterly wind known as mistral French Southern and Antarctic Lands antarctic Gambia, The tropical; hot, rainy season (June to November); cooler, dry season (November to May) Gabon tropical; always hot, humid Georgia warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast Ghana tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast; hot and humid in southwest; hot and dry in north Gibraltar Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summers Grenada tropical; tempered by northeast trade winds Guernsey temperate with mild winters and cool summers; about 50% of days are overcast Greenland arctic to subarctic; cool summers, cold winters Germany temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers; occasional warm mountain (foehn) wind Glorioso Islands tropical Guadeloupe subtropical tempered by trade winds; moderately high humidity Guam tropical marine; generally warm and humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season from January to June, rainy season from July to December; little seasonal temperature variation Greece temperate; mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers Guatemala tropical; hot, humid in lowlands; cooler in highlands Guinea generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds Guyana tropical; hot, humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; two rainy seasons (May to mid-August, mid-November to mid-January) Gaza Strip temperate, mild winters, dry and warm to hot summers Haiti tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade winds Hong Kong tropical monsoon; cool and humid in winter, hot and rainy from spring through summer, warm and sunny in fall Heard Island and McDonald Islands antarctic Honduras subtropical in lowlands, temperate in mountains Howland Island equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun Croatia Mediterranean and continental; continental climate predominant with hot summers and cold winters; mild winters, dry summers along coast Hungary temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers Iceland temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windy winters; damp, cool summers Indonesia tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands Man, Isle of temperate; cool summers and mild winters; overcast about one-third of the time India varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north British Indian Ocean Territory tropical marine; hot, humid, moderated by trade winds Clipperton Island tropical; humid, average temperature 20-32 degrees C, rains May-October Iran mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast Israel temperate; hot and dry in southern and eastern desert areas Italy predominantly Mediterranean; Alpine in far north; hot, dry in south Iraq mostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless summers; northern mountainous regions along Iranian and Turkish borders experience cold winters with occasionally heavy snows that melt in early spring, sometimes causing extensive flooding in central and southern Iraq Japan varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north Jersey temperate; mild winters and cool summers Jamaica tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior Jan Mayen arctic maritime with frequent storms and persistent fog Jordan mostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November to April) Johnston Atoll tropical, but generally dry; consistent northeast trade winds with little seasonal temperature variation Juan de Nova Island tropical Kenya varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior Kyrgyzstan dry continental to polar in high Tien Shan; subtropical in southwest (Fergana Valley); temperate in northern foothill zone Korea, North temperate with rainfall concentrated in summer Kingman Reef tropical; moderated by prevailing winds Kiribati tropical; marine, hot and humid, moderated by trade winds Korea, South temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter Christmas Island tropical with a wet and dry season; heat and humidity moderated by trade winds; wet season December to April Kuwait dry desert; intensely hot summers; short, cool winters Kazakhstan continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and semiarid Laos tropical monsoon; rainy season (May to November); dry season (December to April) Lebanon Mediterranean; mild to cool, wet winters with hot, dry summers; Lebanon mountains experience heavy winter snows Latvia maritime; wet, moderate winters Lithuania transitional, between maritime and continental; wet, moderate winters and summers Liberia tropical; hot, humid; dry winters with hot days and cool to cold nights; wet, cloudy summers with frequent heavy showers Slovakia temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters Palmyra Atoll equatorial, hot, and very rainy Liechtenstein continental; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow or rain; cool to moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers Lesotho temperate; cool to cold, dry winters; hot, wet summers Luxembourg modified continental with mild winters, cool summers Libya Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior Madagascar tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in south Martinique tropical; moderated by trade winds; rainy season (June to October); vulnerable to devastating cyclones (hurricanes) every eight years on average; average temperature 17.3 degrees C; humid Macau subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers Moldova moderate winters, warm summers Mayotte tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during northeastern monsoon (November to May); dry season is cooler (May to November) Mongolia desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges) Montserrat tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation Malawi sub-tropical; rainy season (November to May); dry season (May to November) Macedonia warm, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall Mali subtropical to arid; hot and dry February to June; rainy, humid, and mild June to November; cool and dry November to February Monaco Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers Morocco Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interior Mauritius tropical, modified by southeast trade winds; warm, dry winter (May to November); hot, wet, humid summer (November to May) Midway Islands subtropical; moderated by prevailing easterly winds Mauritania desert; constantly hot, dry, dusty Malta Mediterranean with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers Oman dry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strong southwest summer monsoon (May to September) in far south Maldives tropical; hot, humid; dry, northeast monsoon (November to March); rainy, southwest monsoon (June to August) Mexico varies from tropical to desert Malaysia tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to February) monsoons Mozambique tropical to subtropical New Caledonia tropical; modified by southeast trade winds; hot, humid Niue tropical; modified by southeast trade winds Norfolk Island subtropical; mild, little seasonal temperature variation Niger desert; mostly hot, dry, dusty; tropical in extreme south Vanuatu tropical; moderated by southeast trade winds from May to October; moderate rainfall from November to April; may be affected by cyclones from December to April Nigeria varies; equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in north Netherlands temperate; marine; cool summers and mild winters Norway temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current; colder interior with increased precipitation and colder summers; rainy year-round on west coast Nepal varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to subtropical summers and mild winters in south Nauru tropical with a monsoonal pattern; rainy season (November to February) Suriname tropical; moderated by trade winds Netherlands Antilles tropical; ameliorated by northeast trade winds Nicaragua tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands New Zealand temperate with sharp regional contrasts Southern Ocean sea temperatures vary from about 10 degrees Celsius to -2 degrees Celsius; cyclonic storms travel eastward around the continent and frequently are intense because of the temperature contrast between ice and open ocean; the ocean area from about latitude 40 south to the Antarctic Circle has the strongest average winds found anywhere on Earth; in winter the ocean freezes outward to 65 degrees south latitude in the Pacific sector and 55 degrees south latitude in the Atlantic sector, lowering surface temperatures well below 0 degrees Celsius; at some coastal points intense persistent drainage winds from the interior keep the shoreline ice-free throughout the winter Paraguay subtropical to temperate; substantial rainfall in the eastern portions, becoming semiarid in the far west Pitcairn Islands tropical; hot and humid; modified by southeast trade winds; rainy season (November to March) Peru varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes Paracel Islands tropical Spratly Islands tropical Pakistan mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north Poland temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers Panama tropical maritime; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season (May to January), short dry season (January to May) Portugal maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in south Papua New Guinea tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March), southeast monsoon (May to October); slight seasonal temperature variation Palau tropical; hot and humid; wet season May to November Guinea-Bissau tropical; generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds Qatar arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers Reunion tropical, but temperature moderates with elevation; cool and dry from May to November, hot and rainy from November to April Marshall Islands tropical; hot and humid; wet season from May to November; islands border typhoon belt Romania temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms Philippines tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April); southwest monsoon (May to October) Puerto Rico tropical marine, mild; little seasonal temperature variation Russia ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast Rwanda temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible Saudi Arabia harsh, dry desert with great temperature extremes Saint Pierre and Miquelon cold and wet, with much mist and fog; spring and autumn are windy Saint Kitts and Nevis tropical tempered by constant sea breezes; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November) Seychelles tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast monsoon (late May to September); warmer season during northwest monsoon (March to May) South Africa mostly semiarid; subtropical along east coast; sunny days, cool nights Senegal tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (May to November) has strong southeast winds; dry season (December to April) dominated by hot, dry, harmattan wind Saint Helena Saint Helena - tropical; marine; mild, tempered by trade winds; Tristan da Cunha - temperate; marine, mild, tempered by trade winds (tends to be cooler than Saint Helena) Slovenia Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate with mild to hot summers and cold winters in the plateaus and valleys to the east Sierra Leone tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to December); winter dry season (December to April) San Marino Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers Singapore tropical; hot, humid, rainy; two distinct monsoon seasons - Northeastern monsoon from December to March and Southwestern monsoon from June to September; inter-monsoon - frequent afternoon and early evening thunderstorms Somalia principally desert; December to February - northeast monsoon, moderate temperatures in north and very hot in south; May to October - southwest monsoon, torrid in the north and hot in the south, irregular rainfall, hot and humid periods (tangambili) between monsoons Spain temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool along coast Saint Lucia tropical, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season from January to April, rainy season from May to August Sudan tropical in south; arid desert in north; rainy season varies by region (April to November) Svalbard arctic, tempered by warm North Atlantic Current; cool summers, cold winters; North Atlantic Current flows along west and north coasts of Spitsbergen, keeping water open and navigable most of the year Sweden temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partly cloudy summers; subarctic in north South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands variable, with mostly westerly winds throughout the year interspersed with periods of calm; nearly all precipitation falls as snow Syria mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and mild, rainy winters (December to February) along coast; cold weather with snow or sleet periodically in Damascus Switzerland temperate, but varies with altitude; cold, cloudy, rainy/snowy winters; cool to warm, cloudy, humid summers with occasional showers Trinidad and Tobago tropical; rainy season (June to December) Tromelin Island tropical Thailand tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to September); dry, cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March); southern isthmus always hot and humid Tajikistan midlatitude continental, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains Turks and Caicos Islands tropical; marine; moderated by trade winds; sunny and relatively dry Tokelau tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November) Tonga tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), cool season (May to December) Togo tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north Sao Tome and Principe tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to May) Tunisia temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers; desert in south East Timor tropical; hot, humid; distinct rainy and dry seasons Turkey temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior Tuvalu tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March to November); westerly gales and heavy rain (November to March) Taiwan tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon (June to August); cloudiness is persistent and extensive all year Turkmenistan subtropical desert Tanzania varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands Uganda tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December to February, June to August); semiarid in northeast United Kingdom temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds over the North Atlantic Current; more than one-half of the days are overcast Ukraine temperate continental; Mediterranean only on the southern Crimean coast; precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in west and north, lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland; summers are warm across the greater part of the country, hot in the south United States mostly temperate, but tropical in Hawaii and Florida, arctic in Alaska, semiarid in the great plains west of the Mississippi River, and arid in the Great Basin of the southwest; low winter temperatures in the northwest are ameliorated occasionally in January and February by warm chinook winds from the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains Burkina Faso tropical; warm, dry winters; hot, wet summers Uruguay warm temperate; freezing temperatures almost unknown Uzbekistan mostly midlatitude desert, long, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid grassland in east Saint Vincent and the Grenadines tropical; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November) Venezuela tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands British Virgin Islands subtropical; humid; temperatures moderated by trade winds Vietnam tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season (mid-May to mid-September) and warm, dry season (mid-October to mid-March) Virgin Islands subtropical, tempered by easterly trade winds, relatively low humidity, little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season September to November Holy See (Vatican City) temperate; mild, rainy winters (September to mid-May) with hot, dry summers (May to September) Namibia desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erratic West Bank temperate; temperature and precipitation vary with altitude, warm to hot summers, cool to mild winters Wallis and Futuna tropical; hot, rainy season (November to April); cool, dry season (May to October); rains 2,500-3,000 mm per year (80% humidity); average temperature 26.6 degrees C Western Sahara hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore air currents produce fog and heavy dew Wake Island tropical Samoa tropical; rainy season (November to April), dry season (May to October) Swaziland varies from tropical to near temperate Indian Ocean northeast monsoon (December to April), southwest monsoon (June to October); tropical cyclones occur during May/June and October/November in the northern Indian Ocean and January/February in the southern Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean polar climate characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature ranges; winters characterized by continuous darkness, cold and stable weather conditions, and clear skies; summers characterized by continuous daylight, damp and foggy weather, and weak cyclones with rain or snow World two large areas of polar climates separated by two rather narrow temperate zones form a wide equatorial band of tropical to subtropical climates Serbia and Montenegro in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid summers with well distributed rainfall); central portion, continental and Mediterranean climate; to the south, Adriatic climate along the coast, hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall inland Yemen mostly desert; hot and humid along west coast; temperate in western mountains affected by seasonal monsoon; extraordinarily hot, dry, harsh desert in east Zambia tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to April) Atlantic Ocean tropical cyclones (hurricanes) develop off the coast of Africa near Cape Verde and move westward into the Caribbean Sea; hurricanes can occur from May to December, but are most frequent from August to November Zimbabwe tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November to March) Pacific Ocean planetary air pressure systems and resultant wind patterns exhibit remarkable uniformity in the south and east; trade winds and westerly winds are well-developed patterns, modified by seasonal fluctuations; tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south of Mexico from June to October and affect Mexico and Central America; continental influences cause climatic uniformity to be much less pronounced in the eastern and western regions at the same latitude in the North Pacific Ocean; the western Pacific is monsoonal - a rainy season occurs during the summer months, when moisture-laden winds blow from the ocean over the land, and a dry season during the winter months, when dry winds blow from the Asian landmass back to the ocean; tropical cyclones (typhoons) may strike southeast and east Asia from May to December Cote d'Ivoire tropical along coast, semiarid in far north; three seasons - warm and dry (November to March), hot and dry (March to May), hot and wet (June to October) Aruba tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation Antigua and Barbuda tropical; little seasonal temperature variation United Arab Emirates desert; cooler in eastern mountains Afghanistan arid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summers Algeria arid to semiarid; mild, wet winters with hot, dry summers along coast; drier with cold winters and hot summers on high plateau; sirocco is a hot, dust/sand-laden wind especially common in summer Azerbaijan dry, semiarid steppe Albania mild temperate; cool, cloudy, wet winters; hot, clear, dry summers; interior is cooler and wetter Armenia highland continental, hot summers, cold winters Andorra temperate; snowy, cold winters and warm, dry summers Angola semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda; north has cool, dry season (May to October) and hot, rainy season (November to April) American Samoa tropical marine, moderated by southeast trade winds; annual rainfall averages about 3 m; rainy season from November to April, dry season from May to October; little seasonal temperature variation Argentina mostly temperate; arid in southeast; subantarctic in southwest Australia generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east; tropical in north Ashmore and Cartier Islands tropical Austria temperate; continental, cloudy; cold winters with frequent rain and some snow in lowlands and snow in mountains; moderate summers with occasional showers Anguilla tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds Akrotiri temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters Antarctica severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation, and distance from the ocean; East Antarctica is colder than West Antarctica because of its higher elevation; Antarctic Peninsula has the most moderate climate; higher temperatures occur in January along the coast and average slightly below freezing Bahrain arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers Barbados tropical; rainy season (June to October) Botswana semiarid; warm winters and hot summers Bermuda subtropical; mild, humid; gales, strong winds common in winter Belgium temperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy, humid, cloudy Bahamas, The tropical marine; moderated by warm waters of Gulf Stream Bangladesh tropical; mild winter (October to March); hot, humid summer (March to June); humid, warm rainy monsoon (June to October) Belize tropical; very hot and humid; rainy season (May to November); dry season (February to May) Bosnia and Herzegovina hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast Bolivia varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid Burma tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon, June to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, December to April) Benin tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north Belarus cold winters, cool and moist summers; transitional between continental and maritime Solomon Islands tropical monsoon; few extremes of temperature and weather Navassa Island marine, tropical Brazil mostly tropical, but temperate in south Bassas da India tropical Bhutan varies; tropical in southern plains; cool winters and hot summers in central valleys; severe winters and cool summers in Himalayas Bulgaria temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers Bouvet Island antarctic Brunei tropical; hot, humid, rainy Burundi equatorial; high plateau with considerable altitude variation (772 m to 2,670 m above sea level); average annual temperature varies with altitude from 23 to 17 degrees centigrade but is generally moderate as the average altitude is about 1,700 m; average annual rainfall is about 150 cm; wet seasons from February to May and September to November, and dry seasons from June to August and December to January Canada varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north Cambodia tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to November); dry season (December to April); little seasonal temperature variation Chad tropical in south, desert in north Sri Lanka tropical monsoon; northeast monsoon (December to March); southwest monsoon (June to October) Congo, Republic of the tropical; rainy season (March to June); dry season (June to October); constantly high temperatures and humidity; particularly enervating climate astride the Equator Congo, Democratic Republic of the tropical; hot and humid in equatorial river basin; cooler and drier in southern highlands; cooler and wetter in eastern highlands; north of Equator - wet season April to October, dry season December to February; south of Equator - wet season November to March, dry season April to October China extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north Chile temperate; desert in north; Mediterranean in central region; cool and damp in south Cayman Islands tropical marine; warm, rainy summers (May to October) and cool, relatively dry winters (November to April) Cocos (Keeling) Islands tropical with high humidity, moderated by the southeast trade winds for about nine months of the year Cameroon varies with terrain, from tropical along coast to semiarid and hot in north Comoros tropical marine; rainy season (November to May) Colombia tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands Northern Mariana Islands tropical marine; moderated by northeast trade winds, little seasonal temperature variation; dry season December to June, rainy season July to October Coral Sea Islands tropical Costa Rica tropical and subtropical; dry season (December to April); rainy season (May to November); cooler in highlands Central African Republic tropical; hot, dry winters; mild to hot, wet summers Cuba tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to April); rainy season (May to October) Cape Verde temperate; warm, dry summer; precipitation meager and very erratic Cook Islands tropical; moderated by trade winds Cyprus temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters Denmark temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and cool summers Djibouti desert; torrid, dry Dominica tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds; heavy rainfall Jarvis Island tropical; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun Dominican Republic tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation; seasonal variation in rainfall Dhekelia temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters Ecuador tropical along coast, becoming cooler inland at higher elevations; tropical in Amazonian jungle lowlands European Union cold temperate; potentially subarctic in the north to temperate; mild wet winters; hot dry summers in the south Egypt desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters Ireland temperate maritime; modified by North Atlantic Current; mild winters, cool summers; consistently humid; overcast about half the time Equatorial Guinea tropical; always hot, humid Estonia maritime, wet, moderate winters, cool summers Eritrea hot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast; cooler and wetter in the central highlands (up to 61 cm of rainfall annually); semiarid in western hills and lowlands; rainfall heaviest during June-September except in coastal desert El Salvador tropical; rainy season (May to October); dry season (November to April); tropical on coast; temperate in uplands Ethiopia tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation Europa Island tropical Czech Republic temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters French Guiana tropical; hot, humid; little seasonal temperature variation Finland cold temperate; potentially subarctic but comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes Fiji tropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature variation Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) cold marine; strong westerly winds, cloudy, humid; rain occurs on more than half of days in year; average annual rainfall is 24 inches in Stanley; occasional snow all year, except in January and February, but does not accumulate Micronesia, Federated States of tropical; heavy year-round rainfall, especially in the eastern islands; located on southern edge of the typhoon belt with occasionally severe damage Faroe Islands mild winters, cool summers; usually overcast; foggy, windy French Polynesia tropical, but moderate Baker Island equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun France generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and hot summers along the Mediterranean; occasional strong, cold, dry, north-to-northwesterly wind known as mistral French Southern and Antarctic Lands antarctic Gambia, The tropical; hot, rainy season (June to November); cooler, dry season (November to May) Gabon tropical; always hot, humid Georgia warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast Ghana tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast; hot and humid in southwest; hot and dry in north Gibraltar Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summers Grenada tropical; tempered by northeast trade winds Guernsey temperate with mild winters and cool summers; about 50% of days are overcast Greenland arctic to subarctic; cool summers, cold winters Germany temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers; occasional warm mountain (foehn) wind Glorioso Islands tropical Guadeloupe subtropical tempered by trade winds; moderately high humidity Guam tropical marine; generally warm and humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season from January to June, rainy season from July to December; little seasonal temperature variation Greece temperate; mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers Guatemala tropical; hot, humid in lowlands; cooler in highlands Guinea generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds Guyana tropical; hot, humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; two rainy seasons (May to mid-August, mid-November to mid-January) Gaza Strip temperate, mild winters, dry and warm to hot summers Haiti tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade winds Hong Kong tropical monsoon; cool and humid in winter, hot and rainy from spring through summer, warm and sunny in fall Heard Island and McDonald Islands antarctic Honduras subtropical in lowlands, temperate in mountains Howland Island equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun Croatia Mediterranean and continental; continental climate predominant with hot summers and cold winters; mild winters, dry summers along coast Hungary temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers Iceland temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windy winters; damp, cool summers Indonesia tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands Man, Isle of temperate; cool summers and mild winters; overcast about one-third of the time India varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north British Indian Ocean Territory tropical marine; hot, humid, moderated by trade winds Clipperton Island tropical; humid, average temperature 20-32 degrees C, rains May-October Iran mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast Israel temperate; hot and dry in southern and eastern desert areas Italy predominantly Mediterranean; Alpine in far north; hot, dry in south Cote d'Ivoire tropical along coast, semiarid in far north; three seasons - warm and dry (November to March), hot and dry (March to May), hot and wet (June to October) Iraq mostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless summers; northern mountainous regions along Iranian and Turkish borders experience cold winters with occasionally heavy snows that melt in early spring, sometimes causing extensive flooding in central and southern Iraq Japan varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north Jersey temperate; mild winters and cool summers Jamaica tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior Jan Mayen arctic maritime with frequent storms and persistent fog Jordan mostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November to April) Johnston Atoll tropical, but generally dry; consistent northeast trade winds with little seasonal temperature variation Juan de Nova Island tropical Kenya varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior Kyrgyzstan dry continental to polar in high Tien Shan; subtropical in southwest (Fergana Valley); temperate in northern foothill zone Korea, North temperate with rainfall concentrated in summer Kingman Reef tropical; moderated by prevailing winds Kiribati tropical; marine, hot and humid, moderated by trade winds Korea, South temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter Christmas Island tropical with a wet and dry season; heat and humidity moderated by trade winds; wet season December to April Kuwait dry desert; intensely hot summers; short, cool winters Kazakhstan continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and semiarid Laos tropical monsoon; rainy season (May to November); dry season (December to April) Lebanon Mediterranean; mild to cool, wet winters with hot, dry summers; Lebanon mountains experience heavy winter snows Latvia maritime; wet, moderate winters Lithuania transitional, between maritime and continental; wet, moderate winters and summers Liberia tropical; hot, humid; dry winters with hot days and cool to cold nights; wet, cloudy summers with frequent heavy showers Slovakia temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters Palmyra Atoll equatorial, hot, and very rainy Liechtenstein continental; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow or rain; cool to moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers Lesotho temperate; cool to cold, dry winters; hot, wet summers Luxembourg modified continental with mild winters, cool summers Libya Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior Madagascar tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in south Martinique tropical; moderated by trade winds; rainy season (June to October); vulnerable to devastating cyclones (hurricanes) every eight years on average; average temperature 17.3 degrees C; humid Macau subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers Moldova moderate winters, warm summers Mayotte tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during northeastern monsoon (November to May); dry season is cooler (May to November) Mongolia desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges) Montserrat tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation Malawi sub-tropical; rainy season (November to May); dry season (May to November) Macedonia warm, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall Mali subtropical to arid; hot and dry February to June; rainy, humid, and mild June to November; cool and dry November to February Monaco Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers Morocco Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interior Mauritius tropical, modified by southeast trade winds; warm, dry winter (May to November); hot, wet, humid summer (November to May) Midway Islands subtropical; moderated by prevailing easterly winds Mauritania desert; constantly hot, dry, dusty Malta Mediterranean with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers Oman dry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strong southwest summer monsoon (May to September) in far south Maldives tropical; hot, humid; dry, northeast monsoon (November to March); rainy, southwest monsoon (June to August) Mexico varies from tropical to desert Malaysia tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to February) monsoons Mozambique tropical to subtropical New Caledonia tropical; modified by southeast trade winds; hot, humid Niue tropical; modified by southeast trade winds Norfolk Island subtropical; mild, little seasonal temperature variation Niger desert; mostly hot, dry, dusty; tropical in extreme south Vanuatu tropical; moderated by southeast trade winds from May to October; moderate rainfall from November to April; may be affected by cyclones from December to April Nigeria varies; equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in north Netherlands temperate; marine; cool summers and mild winters Norway temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current; colder interior with increased precipitation and colder summers; rainy year-round on west coast Nepal varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to subtropical summers and mild winters in south Nauru tropical with a monsoonal pattern; rainy season (November to February) Suriname tropical; moderated by trade winds Netherlands Antilles tropical; ameliorated by northeast trade winds Nicaragua tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands New Zealand temperate with sharp regional contrasts Southern Ocean sea temperatures vary from about 10 degrees Celsius to -2 degrees Celsius; cyclonic storms travel eastward around the continent and frequently are intense because of the temperature contrast between ice and open ocean; the ocean area from about latitude 40 south to the Antarctic Circle has the strongest average winds found anywhere on Earth; in winter the ocean freezes outward to 65 degrees south latitude in the Pacific sector and 55 degrees south latitude in the Atlantic sector, lowering surface temperatures well below 0 degrees Celsius; at some coastal points intense persistent drainage winds from the interior keep the shoreline ice-free throughout the winter Paraguay subtropical to temperate; substantial rainfall in the eastern portions, becoming semiarid in the far west Pitcairn Islands tropical; hot and humid; modified by southeast trade winds; rainy season (November to March) Peru varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes Paracel Islands tropical Spratly Islands tropical Pakistan mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north Poland temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers Panama tropical maritime; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season (May to January), short dry season (January to May) Portugal maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in south Papua New Guinea tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March), southeast monsoon (May to October); slight seasonal temperature variation Palau Tropical; hot and humid; wet season May to November Guinea-Bissau tropical; generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds Qatar arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers Reunion tropical, but temperature moderates with elevation; cool and dry from May to November, hot and rainy from November to April Marshall Islands tropical; hot and humid; wet season from May to November; islands border typhoon belt Romania temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms Philippines tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April); southwest monsoon (May to October) Puerto Rico tropical marine, mild; little seasonal temperature variation Russia ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast Rwanda temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible Saudi Arabia harsh, dry desert with great temperature extremes Saint Pierre and Miquelon cold and wet, with much mist and fog; spring and autumn are windy Saint Kitts and Nevis tropical tempered by constant sea breezes; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November) Seychelles tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast monsoon (late May to September); warmer season during northwest monsoon (March to May) South Africa mostly semiarid; subtropical along east coast; sunny days, cool nights Senegal tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (May to November) has strong southeast winds; dry season (December to April) dominated by hot, dry, harmattan wind Saint Helena Saint Helena - tropical; marine; mild, tempered by trade winds; Tristan da Cunha - temperate; marine, mild, tempered by trade winds (tends to be cooler than Saint Helena) Slovenia Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate with mild to hot summers and cold winters in the plateaus and valleys to the east Sierra Leone tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to December); winter dry season (December to April) San Marino Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers Singapore tropical; hot, humid, rainy; two distinct monsoon seasons - Northeastern monsoon from December to March and Southwestern monsoon from June to September; inter-monsoon - frequent afternoon and early evening thunderstorms Somalia principally desert; December to February - northeast monsoon, moderate temperatures in north and very hot in south; May to October - southwest monsoon, torrid in the north and hot in the south, irregular rainfall, hot and humid periods (tangambili) between monsoons Spain temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool along coast Saint Lucia tropical, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season from January to April, rainy season from May to August Sudan tropical in south; arid desert in north; rainy season varies by region (April to November) Svalbard arctic, tempered by warm North Atlantic Current; cool summers, cold winters; North Atlantic Current flows along west and north coasts of Spitsbergen, keeping water open and navigable most of the year Sweden temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partly cloudy summers; subarctic in north South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands variable, with mostly westerly winds throughout the year interspersed with periods of calm; nearly all precipitation falls as snow Syria mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and mild, rainy winters (December to February) along coast; cold weather with snow or sleet periodically in Damascus Switzerland temperate, but varies with altitude; cold, cloudy, rainy/snowy winters; cool to warm, cloudy, humid summers with occasional showers Trinidad and Tobago tropical; rainy season (June to December) Tromelin Island tropical Thailand tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to September); dry, cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March); southern isthmus always hot and humid Tajikistan midlatitude continental, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains Turks and Caicos Islands tropical; marine; moderated by trade winds; sunny and relatively dry Tokelau tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November) Tonga tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), cool season (May to December) Togo tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north Sao Tome and Principe tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to May) Tunisia temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers; desert in south East Timor tropical; hot, humid; distinct rainy and dry seasons Turkey temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior Tuvalu tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March to November); westerly gales and heavy rain (November to March) Taiwan tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon (June to August); cloudiness is persistent and extensive all year Turkmenistan subtropical desert Tanzania varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands Uganda tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December to February, June to August); semiarid in northeast United Kingdom temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds over the North Atlantic Current; more than one-half of the days are overcast Ukraine temperate continental; Mediterranean only on the southern Crimean coast; precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in west and north, lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland; summers are warm across the greater part of the country, hot in the south United States mostly temperate, but tropical in Hawaii and Florida, arctic in Alaska, semiarid in the great plains west of the Mississippi River, and arid in the Great Basin of the southwest; low winter temperatures in the northwest are ameliorated occasionally in January and February by warm chinook winds from the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains Burkina Faso tropical; warm, dry winters; hot, wet summers Uruguay warm temperate; freezing temperatures almost unknown Uzbekistan mostly midlatitude desert, long, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid grassland in east Saint Vincent and the Grenadines tropical; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November) Venezuela tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands British Virgin Islands subtropical; humid; temperatures moderated by trade winds Vietnam tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season (mid-May to mid-September) and warm, dry season (mid-October to mid-March) Virgin Islands subtropical, tempered by easterly trade winds, relatively low humidity, little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season May to November Holy See (Vatican City) temperate; mild, rainy winters (September to mid-May) with hot, dry summers (May to September) Namibia desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erratic West Bank temperate; temperature and precipitation vary with altitude, warm to hot summers, cool to mild winters Wallis and Futuna tropical; hot, rainy season (November to April); cool, dry season (May to October); rains 2,500-3,000 mm per year (80% humidity); average temperature 26.6 degrees C Western Sahara hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore air currents produce fog and heavy dew Wake Island tropical Samoa tropical; rainy season (November to April), dry season (May to October) Swaziland varies from tropical to near temperate Indian Ocean northeast monsoon (December to April), southwest monsoon (June to October); tropical cyclones occur during May/June and October/November in the northern Indian Ocean and January/February in the southern Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean polar climate characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature ranges; winters characterized by continuous darkness, cold and stable weather conditions, and clear skies; summers characterized by continuous daylight, damp and foggy weather, and weak cyclones with rain or snow World two large areas of polar climates separated by two rather narrow temperate zones form a wide equatorial band of tropical to subtropical climates Serbia and Montenegro in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid summers with well distributed rainfall); central portion, continental and Mediterranean climate; to the south, Adriatic climate along the coast, hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall inland Yemen mostly desert; hot and humid along west coast; temperate in western mountains affected by seasonal monsoon; extraordinarily hot, dry, harsh desert in east Zambia tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to April) Atlantic Ocean tropical cyclones (hurricanes) develop off the coast of Africa near Cape Verde and move westward into the Caribbean Sea; hurricanes can occur from May to December, but are most frequent from August to November Zimbabwe tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November to March) Pacific Ocean planetary air pressure systems and resultant wind patterns exhibit remarkable uniformity in the south and east; trade winds and westerly winds are well-developed patterns, modified by seasonal fluctuations; tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south of Mexico from June to October and affect Mexico and Central America; continental influences cause climatic uniformity to be much less pronounced in the eastern and western regions at the same latitude in the North Pacific Ocean; the western Pacific is monsoonal - a rainy season occurs during the summer months, when moisture-laden winds blow from the ocean over the land, and a dry season during the winter months, when dry winds blow from the Asian landmass back to the ocean; tropical cyclones (typhoons) may strike southeast and east Asia from May to December Aruba tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation Antigua and Barbuda tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation Afghanistan arid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summers Algeria arid to semiarid; mild, wet winters with hot, dry summers along coast; drier with cold winters and hot summers on high plateau; sirocco is a hot, dust/sand-laden wind especially common in summer Azerbaijan dry, semiarid steppe Albania mild temperate; cool, cloudy, wet winters; hot, clear, dry summers; interior is cooler and wetter Armenia highland continental, hot summers, cold winters Andorra temperate; snowy, cold winters and warm, dry summers Angola semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda; north has cool, dry season (May to October) and hot, rainy season (November to April) American Samoa tropical marine, moderated by southeast trade winds; annual rainfall averages about 3 m; rainy season from November to April, dry season from May to October; little seasonal temperature variation Argentina mostly temperate; arid in southeast; subantarctic in southwest Australia generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east; tropical in north Ashmore and Cartier Islands tropical Austria temperate; continental, cloudy; cold winters with frequent rain in lowlands and snow in mountains; cool summers with occasional showers Anguilla tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds Antarctica severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation, and distance from the ocean; East Antarctica is colder than West Antarctica because of its higher elevation; Antarctic Peninsula has the most moderate climate; higher temperatures occur in January along the coast and average slightly below freezing Bahrain arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers Barbados tropical; rainy season (June to October) Botswana semiarid; warm winters and hot summers Bermuda subtropical; mild, humid; gales, strong winds common in winter Belgium temperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy, humid, cloudy Bahamas, The tropical marine; moderated by warm waters of Gulf Stream Bangladesh tropical; mild winter (October to March); hot, humid summer (March to June); humid, warm rainy monsoon (June to October) Belize tropical; very hot and humid; rainy season (May to November); dry season (February to May) Bosnia and Herzegovina hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast Bolivia varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid Burma tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon, June to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, December to April) Benin tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north Belarus cold winters, cool and moist summers; transitional between continental and maritime Solomon Islands tropical monsoon; few extremes of temperature and weather Navassa Island marine, tropical Brazil mostly tropical, but temperate in south Bassas da India tropical Bhutan varies; tropical in southern plains; cool winters and hot summers in central valleys; severe winters and cool summers in Himalayas Bulgaria temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers Bouvet Island antarctic Brunei tropical; hot, humid, rainy Burundi equatorial; high plateau with considerable altitude variation (772 m to 2,670 m above sea level); average annual temperature varies with altitude from 23 to 17 degrees centigrade but is generally moderate as the average altitude is about 1,700 m; average annual rainfall is about 150 cm; wet seasons from February to May and September to November, and dry seasons from June to August and December to January Canada varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north Cambodia tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to November); dry season (December to April); little seasonal temperature variation Chad tropical in south, desert in north Sri Lanka tropical monsoon; northeast monsoon (December to March); southwest monsoon (June to October) Congo, Republic of the tropical; rainy season (March to June); dry season (June to October); constantly high temperatures and humidity; particularly enervating climate astride the Equator Congo, Democratic Republic of the tropical; hot and humid in equatorial river basin; cooler and drier in southern highlands; cooler and wetter in eastern highlands; north of Equator - wet season April to October, dry season December to February; south of Equator - wet season November to March, dry season April to October China extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north Chile temperate; desert in north; Mediterranean in central region; cool and damp in south Cayman Islands tropical marine; warm, rainy summers (May to October) and cool, relatively dry winters (November to April) Cocos (Keeling) Islands tropical with high humidity, moderated by the southeast trade winds for about nine months of the year Cameroon varies with terrain, from tropical along coast to semiarid and hot in north Comoros tropical marine; rainy season (November to May) Colombia tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands Northern Mariana Islands tropical marine; moderated by northeast trade winds, little seasonal temperature variation; dry season December to June, rainy season July to October Coral Sea Islands tropical Costa Rica tropical and subtropical; dry season (December to April); rainy season (May to November); cooler in highlands Central African Republic tropical; hot, dry winters; mild to hot, wet summers Cuba tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to April); rainy season (May to October) Cape Verde temperate; warm, dry summer; precipitation meager and very erratic Cook Islands tropical; moderated by trade winds Cyprus temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters Denmark temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and cool summers Djibouti desert; torrid, dry Dominica tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds; heavy rainfall Jarvis Island tropical; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun Dominican Republic tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation; seasonal variation in rainfall Ecuador tropical along coast, becoming cooler inland at higher elevations; tropical in Amazonian jungle lowlands Egypt desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters Ireland temperate maritime; modified by North Atlantic Current; mild winters, cool summers; consistently humid; overcast about half the time Equatorial Guinea tropical; always hot, humid Estonia maritime, wet, moderate winters, cool summers Eritrea hot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast; cooler and wetter in the central highlands (up to 61 cm of rainfall annually); semiarid in western hills and lowlands; rainfall heaviest during June-September except in coastal desert El Salvador tropical; rainy season (May to October); dry season (November to April); tropical on coast; temperate in uplands Ethiopia tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation Europa Island tropical Czech Republic temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters French Guiana tropical; hot, humid; little seasonal temperature variation Finland cold temperate; potentially subarctic, but comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes Fiji tropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature variation Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) cold marine; strong westerly winds, cloudy, humid; rain occurs on more than half of days in year; average annual rainfall is 24 inches in Stanley; occasional snow all year, except in January and February, but does not accumulate Micronesia, Federated States of tropical; heavy year-round rainfall, especially in the eastern islands; located on southern edge of the typhoon belt with occasionally severe damage Faroe Islands mild winters, cool summers; usually overcast; foggy, windy French Polynesia tropical, but moderate Baker Island equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun France generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and hot summers along the Mediterranean; occasional strong, cold, dry, north-to-northwesterly wind known as mistral French Southern and Antarctic Lands antarctic Gambia, The tropical; hot, rainy season (June to November); cooler, dry season (November to May) Gabon tropical; always hot, humid Georgia warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast Ghana tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast; hot and humid in southwest; hot and dry in north Gibraltar Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summers Grenada tropical; tempered by northeast trade winds Guernsey temperate with mild winters and cool summers; about 50% of days are overcast Greenland arctic to subarctic; cool summers, cold winters Germany temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers; occasional warm foehn wind Glorioso Islands tropical Guadeloupe subtropical tempered by trade winds; moderately high humidity Guam tropical marine; generally warm and humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season from January to June, rainy season from July to December; little seasonal temperature variation Greece temperate; mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers Guatemala tropical; hot, humid in lowlands; cooler in highlands Guinea generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds Guyana tropical; hot, humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; two rainy seasons (May to mid-August, mid-November to mid-January) Gaza Strip temperate, mild winters, dry and warm to hot summers Haiti tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade winds Hong Kong tropical monsoon; cool and humid in winter, hot and rainy from spring through summer, warm and sunny in fall Heard Island and McDonald Islands antarctic Honduras subtropical in lowlands, temperate in mountains Howland Island equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun Croatia Mediterranean and continental; continental climate predominant with hot summers and cold winters; mild winters, dry summers along coast Hungary temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers Iceland temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windy winters; damp, cool summers Indonesia tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands Man, Isle of temperate; cool summers and mild winters; overcast about one-third of the time India varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north British Indian Ocean Territory tropical marine; hot, humid, moderated by trade winds Clipperton Island tropical; humid, average temperature 20-32 degrees C, rains May-October Iran mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast Israel temperate; hot and dry in southern and eastern desert areas Italy predominantly Mediterranean; Alpine in far north; hot, dry in south Cote d'Ivoire tropical along coast, semiarid in far north; three seasons - warm and dry (November to March), hot and dry (March to May), hot and wet (June to October) Iraq mostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless summers; northern mountainous regions along Iranian and Turkish borders experience cold winters with occasionally heavy snows that melt in early spring, sometimes causing extensive flooding in central and southern Iraq Japan varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north Jersey temperate; mild winters and cool summers Jamaica tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior Jan Mayen arctic maritime with frequent storms and persistent fog Jordan mostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November to April) Johnston Atoll tropical, but generally dry; consistent northeast trade winds with little seasonal temperature variation Juan de Nova Island tropical Kenya varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior Kyrgyzstan dry continental to polar in high Tien Shan; subtropical in southwest (Fergana Valley); temperate in northern foothill zone Korea, North temperate with rainfall concentrated in summer Kingman Reef tropical, but moderated by prevailing winds Kiribati tropical; marine, hot and humid, moderated by trade winds Korea, South temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter Christmas Island tropical; heat and humidity moderated by trade winds Kuwait dry desert; intensely hot summers; short, cool winters Kazakhstan continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and semiarid Laos tropical monsoon; rainy season (May to November); dry season (December to April) Lebanon Mediterranean; mild to cool, wet winters with hot, dry summers; Lebanon mountains experience heavy winter snows Latvia maritime; wet, moderate winters Lithuania transitional, between maritime and continental; wet, moderate winters and summers Liberia tropical; hot, humid; dry winters with hot days and cool to cold nights; wet, cloudy summers with frequent heavy showers Slovakia temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters Palmyra Atoll equatorial, hot, and very rainy Liechtenstein continental; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow or rain; cool to moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers Lesotho temperate; cool to cold, dry winters; hot, wet summers Luxembourg modified continental with mild winters, cool summers Libya Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior Madagascar tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in south Martinique tropical; moderated by trade winds; rainy season (June to October); vulnerable to devastating cyclones (hurricanes) every eight years on average; average temperature 17.3 degrees C; humid Macau subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers Moldova moderate winters, warm summers Mayotte tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during northeastern monsoon (November to May); dry season is cooler (May to November) Mongolia desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges) Montserrat tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation Malawi sub-tropical; rainy season (November to May); dry season (May to November) Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of warm, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall Mali subtropical to arid; hot and dry February to June; rainy, humid, and mild June to November; cool and dry November to February Monaco Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers Morocco Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interior Mauritius tropical, modified by southeast trade winds; warm, dry winter (May to November); hot, wet, humid summer (November to May) Midway Islands subtropical, but moderated by prevailing easterly winds Mauritania desert; constantly hot, dry, dusty Malta Mediterranean with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers Oman dry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strong southwest summer monsoon (May to September) in far south Maldives tropical; hot, humid; dry, northeast monsoon (November to March); rainy, southwest monsoon (June to August) Mexico varies from tropical to desert Malaysia tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to February) monsoons Mozambique tropical to subtropical New Caledonia tropical; modified by southeast trade winds; hot, humid Niue tropical; modified by southeast trade winds Norfolk Island subtropical, mild, little seasonal temperature variation Niger desert; mostly hot, dry, dusty; tropical in extreme south Vanuatu tropical; moderated by southeast trade winds Nigeria varies; equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in north Netherlands temperate; marine; cool summers and mild winters Norway temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current; colder interior with increased precipitation and colder summers; rainy year-round on west coast Nepal varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to subtropical summers and mild winters in south Nauru tropical; monsoonal; rainy season (November to February) Suriname tropical; moderated by trade winds Netherlands Antilles tropical; ameliorated by northeast trade winds Nicaragua tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands New Zealand temperate with sharp regional contrasts Southern Ocean sea temperatures vary from about 10 degrees Celsius to -2 degrees Celsius; cyclonic storms travel eastward around the continent and frequently are intense because of the temperature contrast between ice and open ocean; the ocean area from about latitude 40 south to the Antarctic Circle has the strongest average winds found anywhere on Earth; in winter the ocean freezes outward to 65 degrees south latitude in the Pacific sector and 55 degrees south latitude in the Atlantic sector, lowering surface temperatures well below 0 degrees Celsius; at some coastal points intense persistent drainage winds from the interior keep the shoreline ice-free throughout the winter Paraguay subtropical to temperate; substantial rainfall in the eastern portions, becoming semiarid in the far west Pitcairn Islands tropical, hot, humid; modified by southeast trade winds; rainy season (November to March) Peru varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes Paracel Islands tropical Spratly Islands tropical Pakistan mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north Poland temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers Panama tropical maritime; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season (May to January), short dry season (January to May) Portugal maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in south Papua New Guinea tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March), southeast monsoon (May to October); slight seasonal temperature variation Palau wet season May to November; hot and humid Guinea-Bissau tropical; generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds Qatar arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers Reunion tropical, but temperature moderates with elevation; cool and dry from May to November, hot and rainy from November to April Marshall Islands wet season from May to November; hot and humid; islands border typhoon belt Romania temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms Philippines tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April); southwest monsoon (May to October) Puerto Rico tropical marine, mild; little seasonal temperature variation Russia ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast Rwanda temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible Saudi Arabia harsh, dry desert with great temperature extremes Saint Pierre and Miquelon cold and wet, with much mist and fog; spring and autumn are windy Saint Kitts and Nevis tropical tempered by constant sea breezes; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November) Seychelles tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast monsoon (late May to September); warmer season during northwest monsoon (March to May) South Africa mostly semiarid; subtropical along east coast; sunny days, cool nights Senegal tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (May to November) has strong southeast winds; dry season (December to April) dominated by hot, dry, harmattan wind Saint Helena Saint Helena - tropical; marine; mild, tempered by trade winds; Tristan da Cunha - temperate; marine, mild, tempered by trade winds (tends to be cooler than Saint Helena) Slovenia Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate with mild to hot summers and cold winters in the plateaus and valleys to the east Sierra Leone tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to December); winter dry season (December to April) San Marino Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers Singapore tropical; hot, humid, rainy; two distinct monsoon seasons - Northeastern monsoon from December to March and Southwestern monsoon from June to September; inter-monsoon - frequent afternoon and early evening thunderstorms Somalia principally desert; December to February - northeast monsoon, moderate temperatures in north and very hot in south; May to October - southwest monsoon, torrid in the north and hot in the south, irregular rainfall, hot and humid periods (tangambili) between monsoons Spain temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool along coast Saint Lucia tropical, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season from January to April, rainy season from May to August Sudan tropical in south; arid desert in north; rainy season varies by region (April to November) Svalbard arctic, tempered by warm North Atlantic Current; cool summers, cold winters; North Atlantic Current flows along west and north coasts of Spitsbergen, keeping water open and navigable most of the year Sweden temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partly cloudy summers; subarctic in north South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands variable, with mostly westerly winds throughout the year interspersed with periods of calm; nearly all precipitation falls as snow Syria mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and mild, rainy winters (December to February) along coast; cold weather with snow or sleet periodically in Damascus Switzerland temperate, but varies with altitude; cold, cloudy, rainy/snowy winters; cool to warm, cloudy, humid summers with occasional showers Trinidad and Tobago tropical; rainy season (June to December) Tromelin Island tropical Thailand tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to September); dry, cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March); southern isthmus always hot and humid Tajikistan midlatitude continental, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains Turks and Caicos Islands tropical; marine; moderated by trade winds; sunny and relatively dry Tokelau tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November) Tonga tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), cool season (May to December) Togo tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north Sao Tome and Principe tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to May) Tunisia temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers; desert in south East Timor tropical; hot, humid; distinct rainy and dry seasons Turkey temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior Tuvalu tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March to November); westerly gales and heavy rain (November to March) Taiwan tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon (June to August); cloudiness is persistent and extensive all year Turkmenistan subtropical desert Tanzania varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands Uganda tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December to February, June to August); semiarid in northeast United Kingdom temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds over the North Atlantic Current; more than one-half of the days are overcast Ukraine temperate continental; Mediterranean only on the southern Crimean coast; precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in west and north, lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland; summers are warm across the greater part of the country, hot in the south United States mostly temperate, but tropical in Hawaii and Florida, arctic in Alaska, semiarid in the great plains west of the Mississippi River, and arid in the Great Basin of the southwest; low winter temperatures in the northwest are ameliorated occasionally in January and February by warm chinook winds from the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains Burkina Faso tropical; warm, dry winters; hot, wet summers Uruguay warm temperate; freezing temperatures almost unknown Uzbekistan mostly midlatitude desert, long, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid grassland in east Saint Vincent and the Grenadines tropical; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November) Venezuela tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands British Virgin Islands subtropical; humid; temperatures moderated by trade winds Vietnam tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season (mid-May to mid-September) and warm, dry season (mid-October to mid-March) Virgin Islands subtropical, tempered by easterly trade winds, relatively low humidity, little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season May to November Holy See (Vatican City) temperate; mild, rainy winters (September to mid-May) with hot, dry summers (May to September) Namibia desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erratic West Bank temperate; temperature and precipitation vary with altitude, warm to hot summers, cool to mild winters Wallis and Futuna tropical; hot, rainy season (November to April); cool, dry season (May to October); rains 2,500-3,000 mm per year (80% humidity); average temperature 26.6 degrees C Western Sahara hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore air currents produce fog and heavy dew Wake Island tropical Samoa tropical; rainy season (October to March), dry season (May to October) Swaziland varies from tropical to near temperate Indian Ocean northeast monsoon (December to April), southwest monsoon (June to October); tropical cyclones occur during May/June and October/November in the northern Indian Ocean and January/February in the southern Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean polar climate characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature ranges; winters characterized by continuous darkness, cold and stable weather conditions, and clear skies; summers characterized by continuous daylight, damp and foggy weather, and weak cyclones with rain or snow World two large areas of polar climates separated by two rather narrow temperate zones form a wide equatorial band of tropical to subtropical climates Serbia and Montenegro in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid summers with well distributed rainfall); central portion, continental and Mediterranean climate; to the south, Adriatic climate along the coast, hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall inland Yemen mostly desert; hot and humid along west coast; temperate in western mountains affected by seasonal monsoon; extraordinarily hot, dry, harsh desert in east Zambia tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to April) Atlantic Ocean tropical cyclones (hurricanes) develop off the coast of Africa near Cape Verde and move westward into the Caribbean Sea; hurricanes can occur from May to December, but are most frequent from August to November Zimbabwe tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November to March) Pacific Ocean planetary air pressure systems and resultant wind patterns exhibit remarkable uniformity in the south and east; trade winds and westerly winds are well-developed patterns, modified by seasonal fluctuations; tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south of Mexico from June to October and affect Mexico and Central America; continental influences cause climatic uniformity to be much less pronounced in the eastern and western regions at the same latitude in the North Pacific Ocean; the western Pacific is monsoonal - a rainy season occurs during the summer months, when moisture-laden winds blow from the ocean over the land, and a dry season during the winter months, when dry winds blow from the Asian landmass back to the ocean; tropical cyclones (typhoons) may strike southeast and east Asia from May to December Aruba tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation Antigua and Barbuda tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation Afghanistan arid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summers Algeria arid to semiarid; mild, wet winters with hot, dry summers along coast; drier with cold winters and hot summers on high plateau; sirocco is a hot, dust/sand-laden wind especially common in summer Azerbaijan dry, semiarid steppe Albania mild temperate; cool, cloudy, wet winters; hot, clear, dry summers; interior is cooler and wetter Armenia highland continental, hot summers, cold winters Andorra temperate; snowy, cold winters and warm, dry summers Angola semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda; north has cool, dry season (May to October) and hot, rainy season (November to April) American Samoa tropical marine, moderated by southeast trade winds; annual rainfall averages about 3 m; rainy season from November to April, dry season from May to October; little seasonal temperature variation Argentina mostly temperate; arid in southeast; subantarctic in southwest Australia generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east; tropical in north Ashmore and Cartier Islands tropical Austria temperate; continental, cloudy; cold winters with frequent rain in lowlands and snow in mountains; cool summers with occasional showers Anguilla tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds Antarctica severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation, and distance from the ocean; East Antarctica is colder than West Antarctica because of its higher elevation; Antarctic Peninsula has the most moderate climate; higher temperatures occur in January along the coast and average slightly below freezing Bahrain arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers Barbados tropical; rainy season (June to October) Botswana semiarid; warm winters and hot summers Bermuda subtropical; mild, humid; gales, strong winds common in winter Belgium temperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy, humid, cloudy Bahamas, The tropical marine; moderated by warm waters of Gulf Stream Bangladesh tropical; mild winter (October to March); hot, humid summer (March to June); humid, warm rainy monsoon (June to October) Belize tropical; very hot and humid; rainy season (May to November); dry season (February to May) Bosnia and Herzegovina hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast Bolivia varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid Burma tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon, June to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, December to April) Benin tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north Belarus cold winters, cool and moist summers; transitional between continental and maritime Solomon Islands tropical monsoon; few extremes of temperature and weather Navassa Island marine, tropical Brazil mostly tropical, but temperate in south Bassas da India tropical Bhutan varies; tropical in southern plains; cool winters and hot summers in central valleys; severe winters and cool summers in Himalayas Bulgaria temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers Bouvet Island antarctic Brunei tropical; hot, humid, rainy Burundi equatorial; high plateau with considerable altitude variation (772 m to 2,670 m above sea level); average annual temperature varies with altitude from 23 to 17 degrees centigrade but is generally moderate as the average altitude is about 1,700 m; average annual rainfall is about 150 cm; wet seasons from February to May and September to November, and dry seasons from June to August and December to January Canada varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north Cambodia tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to November); dry season (December to April); little seasonal temperature variation Chad tropical in south, desert in north Sri Lanka tropical monsoon; northeast monsoon (December to March); southwest monsoon (June to October) Congo, Republic of the tropical; rainy season (March to June); dry season (June to October); constantly high temperatures and humidity; particularly enervating climate astride the Equator Congo, Democratic Republic of the tropical; hot and humid in equatorial river basin; cooler and drier in southern highlands; cooler and wetter in eastern highlands; north of Equator - wet season April to October, dry season December to February; south of Equator - wet season November to March, dry season April to October China extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north Chile temperate; desert in north; Mediterranean in central region; cool and damp in south Cayman Islands tropical marine; warm, rainy summers (May to October) and cool, relatively dry winters (November to April) Cocos (Keeling) Islands tropical with high humidity, moderated by the southeast trade winds for about nine months of the year Cameroon varies with terrain, from tropical along coast to semiarid and hot in north Comoros tropical marine; rainy season (November to May) Colombia tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands Northern Mariana Islands tropical marine; moderated by northeast trade winds, little seasonal temperature variation; dry season December to June, rainy season July to October Coral Sea Islands tropical Costa Rica tropical and subtropical; dry season (December to April); rainy season (May to November); cooler in highlands Central African Republic tropical; hot, dry winters; mild to hot, wet summers Cuba tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to April); rainy season (May to October) Cape Verde temperate; warm, dry summer; precipitation meager and very erratic Cook Islands tropical; moderated by trade winds Cyprus temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters Denmark temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and cool summers Djibouti desert; torrid, dry Dominica tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds; heavy rainfall Jarvis Island tropical; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun Dominican Republic tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation; seasonal variation in rainfall Ecuador tropical along coast, becoming cooler inland at higher elevations; tropical in Amazonian jungle lowlands Egypt desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters Ireland temperate maritime; modified by North Atlantic Current; mild winters, cool summers; consistently humid; overcast about half the time Equatorial Guinea tropical; always hot, humid Estonia maritime, wet, moderate winters, cool summers Eritrea hot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast; cooler and wetter in the central highlands (up to 61 cm of rainfall annually); semiarid in western hills and lowlands; rainfall heaviest during June-September except in coastal desert El Salvador tropical; rainy season (May to October); dry season (November to April); tropical on coast; temperate in uplands Ethiopia tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation Europa Island tropical Czech Republic temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters French Guiana tropical; hot, humid; little seasonal temperature variation Finland cold temperate; potentially subarctic, but comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes Fiji tropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature variation Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) cold marine; strong westerly winds, cloudy, humid; rain occurs on more than half of days in year; occasional snow all year, except in January and February, but does not accumulate Micronesia, Federated States of tropical; heavy year-round rainfall, especially in the eastern islands; located on southern edge of the typhoon belt with occasionally severe damage Faroe Islands mild winters, cool summers; usually overcast; foggy, windy French Polynesia tropical, but moderate Baker Island equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun France generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and hot summers along the Mediterranean; occasional strong, cold, dry, north-to-northwesterly wind known as mistral French Southern and Antarctic Lands antarctic Gambia, The tropical; hot, rainy season (June to November); cooler, dry season (November to May) Gabon tropical; always hot, humid Georgia warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast Ghana tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast; hot and humid in southwest; hot and dry in north Gibraltar Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summers Grenada tropical; tempered by northeast trade winds Guernsey temperate with mild winters and cool summers; about 50% of days are overcast Greenland arctic to subarctic; cool summers, cold winters Germany temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers; occasional warm foehn wind Glorioso Islands tropical Guadeloupe subtropical tempered by trade winds; moderately high humidity Guam tropical marine; generally warm and humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season from January to June, rainy season from July to December; little seasonal temperature variation Greece temperate; mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers Guatemala tropical; hot, humid in lowlands; cooler in highlands Guinea generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds Guyana tropical; hot, humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; two rainy seasons (May to mid-August, mid-November to mid-January) Gaza Strip temperate, mild winters, dry and warm to hot summers Haiti tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade winds Hong Kong tropical monsoon; cool and humid in winter, hot and rainy from spring through summer, warm and sunny in fall Heard Island and McDonald Islands antarctic Honduras subtropical in lowlands, temperate in mountains Howland Island equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun Croatia Mediterranean and continental; continental climate predominant with hot summers and cold winters; mild winters, dry summers along coast Hungary temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers Iceland temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windy winters; damp, cool summers Indonesia tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands Man, Isle of temperate; cool summers and mild winters; overcast about one-third of the time India varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north British Indian Ocean Territory tropical marine; hot, humid, moderated by trade winds Clipperton Island tropical; humid, average temperature 20-32 degrees C, rains May-October Iran mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast Israel temperate; hot and dry in southern and eastern desert areas Italy predominantly Mediterranean; Alpine in far north; hot, dry in south Cote d'Ivoire tropical along coast, semiarid in far north; three seasons - warm and dry (November to March), hot and dry (March to May), hot and wet (June to October) Iraq mostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless summers; northern mountainous regions along Iranian and Turkish borders experience cold winters with occasionally heavy snows that melt in early spring, sometimes causing extensive flooding in central and southern Iraq Japan varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north Jersey temperate; mild winters and cool summers Jamaica tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior Jan Mayen arctic maritime with frequent storms and persistent fog Jordan mostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November to April) Johnston Atoll tropical, but generally dry; consistent northeast trade winds with little seasonal temperature variation Juan de Nova Island tropical Kenya varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior Kyrgyzstan dry continental to polar in high Tien Shan; subtropical in southwest (Fergana Valley); temperate in northern foothill zone Korea, North temperate with rainfall concentrated in summer Kingman Reef tropical, but moderated by prevailing winds Kiribati tropical; marine, hot and humid, moderated by trade winds Korea, South temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter Christmas Island tropical; heat and humidity moderated by trade winds Kuwait dry desert; intensely hot summers; short, cool winters Kazakhstan continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and semiarid Laos tropical monsoon; rainy season (May to November); dry season (December to April) Lebanon Mediterranean; mild to cool, wet winters with hot, dry summers; Lebanon mountains experience heavy winter snows Latvia maritime; wet, moderate winters Lithuania transitional, between maritime and continental; wet, moderate winters and summers Liberia tropical; hot, humid; dry winters with hot days and cool to cold nights; wet, cloudy summers with frequent heavy showers Slovakia temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters Palmyra Atoll equatorial, hot, and very rainy Liechtenstein continental; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow or rain; cool to moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers Lesotho temperate; cool to cold, dry winters; hot, wet summers Luxembourg modified continental with mild winters, cool summers Libya Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior Madagascar tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in south Martinique tropical; moderated by trade winds; rainy season (June to October); vulnerable to devastating cyclones (hurricanes) every eight years on average; average temperature 17.3 degrees C; humid Macau subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers Moldova moderate winters, warm summers Mayotte tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during northeastern monsoon (November to May); dry season is cooler (May to November) Mongolia desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges) Montserrat tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation Malawi sub-tropical; rainy season (November to May); dry season (May to November) Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of warm, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall Mali subtropical to arid; hot and dry February to June; rainy, humid, and mild June to November; cool and dry November to February Monaco Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers Morocco Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interior Mauritius tropical, modified by southeast trade winds; warm, dry winter (May to November); hot, wet, humid summer (November to May) Midway Islands subtropical, but moderated by prevailing easterly winds Mauritania desert; constantly hot, dry, dusty Malta Mediterranean with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers Oman dry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strong southwest summer monsoon (May to September) in far south Maldives tropical; hot, humid; dry, northeast monsoon (November to March); rainy, southwest monsoon (June to August) Mexico varies from tropical to desert Malaysia tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to February) monsoons Mozambique tropical to subtropical New Caledonia tropical; modified by southeast trade winds; hot, humid Niue tropical; modified by southeast trade winds Norfolk Island subtropical, mild, little seasonal temperature variation Niger desert; mostly hot, dry, dusty; tropical in extreme south Vanuatu tropical; moderated by southeast trade winds Nigeria varies; equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in north Netherlands temperate; marine; cool summers and mild winters Norway temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current; colder interior with increased precipitation and colder summers; rainy year-round on west coast Nepal varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to subtropical summers and mild winters in south Nauru tropical; monsoonal; rainy season (November to February) Suriname tropical; moderated by trade winds Netherlands Antilles tropical; ameliorated by northeast trade winds Nicaragua tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands New Zealand temperate with sharp regional contrasts Southern Ocean sea temperatures vary from about 10 degrees Celsius to -2 degrees Celsius; cyclonic storms travel eastward around the continent and frequently are intense because of the temperature contrast between ice and open ocean; the ocean area from about latitude 40 south to the Antarctic Circle has the strongest average winds found anywhere on Earth; in winter the ocean freezes outward to 65 degrees south latitude in the Pacific sector and 55 degrees south latitude in the Atlantic sector, lowering surface temperatures well below 0 degrees Celsius; at some coastal points intense persistent drainage winds from the interior keep the shoreline ice-free throughout the winter Paraguay subtropical to temperate; substantial rainfall in the eastern portions, becoming semiarid in the far west Pitcairn Islands tropical, hot, humid; modified by southeast trade winds; rainy season (November to March) Peru varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes Paracel Islands tropical Spratly Islands tropical Pakistan mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north Poland temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers Panama tropical maritime; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season (May to January), short dry season (January to May) Portugal maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in south Papua New Guinea tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March), southeast monsoon (May to October); slight seasonal temperature variation Palau wet season May to November; hot and humid Guinea-Bissau tropical; generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds Qatar arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers Reunion tropical, but temperature moderates with elevation; cool and dry from May to November, hot and rainy from November to April Marshall Islands wet season from May to November; hot and humid; islands border typhoon belt Romania temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms Philippines tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April); southwest monsoon (May to October) Puerto Rico tropical marine, mild; little seasonal temperature variation Russia ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast Rwanda temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible Saudi Arabia harsh, dry desert with great temperature extremes Saint Pierre and Miquelon cold and wet, with much mist and fog; spring and autumn are windy Saint Kitts and Nevis tropical tempered by constant sea breezes; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November) Seychelles tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast monsoon (late May to September); warmer season during northwest monsoon (March to May) South Africa mostly semiarid; subtropical along east coast; sunny days, cool nights Senegal tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (May to November) has strong southeast winds; dry season (December to April) dominated by hot, dry, harmattan wind Saint Helena Saint Helena - tropical; marine; mild, tempered by trade winds; Tristan da Cunha - temperate; marine, mild, tempered by trade winds (tends to be cooler than Saint Helena) Slovenia Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate with mild to hot summers and cold winters in the plateaus and valleys to the east Sierra Leone tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to December); winter dry season (December to April) San Marino Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers Singapore tropical; hot, humid, rainy; two distinct monsoon seasons - Northeastern monsoon from December to March and Southwestern monsoon from June to September; inter-monsoon - frequent afternoon and early evening thunderstorms Somalia principally desert; December to February - northeast monsoon, moderate temperatures in north and very hot in south; May to October - southwest monsoon, torrid in the north and hot in the south, irregular rainfall, hot and humid periods (tangambili) between monsoons Spain temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool along coast Saint Lucia tropical, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season from January to April, rainy season from May to August Sudan tropical in south; arid desert in north; rainy season (April to October) Svalbard arctic, tempered by warm North Atlantic Current; cool summers, cold winters; North Atlantic Current flows along west and north coasts of Spitsbergen, keeping water open and navigable most of the year Sweden temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partly cloudy summers; subarctic in north South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands variable, with mostly westerly winds throughout the year interspersed with periods of calm; nearly all precipitation falls as snow Syria mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and mild, rainy winters (December to February) along coast; cold weather with snow or sleet periodically in Damascus Switzerland temperate, but varies with altitude; cold, cloudy, rainy/snowy winters; cool to warm, cloudy, humid summers with occasional showers Trinidad and Tobago tropical; rainy season (June to December) Tromelin Island tropical Thailand tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to September); dry, cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March); southern isthmus always hot and humid Tajikistan midlatitude continental, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains Turks and Caicos Islands tropical; marine; moderated by trade winds; sunny and relatively dry Tokelau tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November) Tonga tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), cool season (May to December) Togo tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north Sao Tome and Principe tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to May) Tunisia temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers; desert in south East Timor tropical; hot, humid; distinct rainy and dry seasons Turkey temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior Tuvalu tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March to November); westerly gales and heavy rain (November to March) Taiwan tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon (June to August); cloudiness is persistent and extensive all year Turkmenistan subtropical desert Tanzania varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands Uganda tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December to February, June to August); semiarid in northeast United Kingdom temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds over the North Atlantic Current; more than one-half of the days are overcast Ukraine temperate continental; Mediterranean only on the southern Crimean coast; precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in west and north, lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland; summers are warm across the greater part of the country, hot in the south United States mostly temperate, but tropical in Hawaii and Florida, arctic in Alaska, semiarid in the great plains west of the Mississippi River, and arid in the Great Basin of the southwest; low winter temperatures in the northwest are ameliorated occasionally in January and February by warm chinook winds from the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains Burkina Faso tropical; warm, dry winters; hot, wet summers Uruguay warm temperate; freezing temperatures almost unknown Uzbekistan mostly midlatitude desert, long, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid grassland in east Saint Vincent and the Grenadines tropical; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November) Venezuela tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands British Virgin Islands subtropical; humid; temperatures moderated by trade winds Vietnam tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season (mid-May to mid-September) and warm, dry season (mid-October to mid-March) Virgin Islands subtropical, tempered by easterly trade winds, relatively low humidity, little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season May to November Holy See (Vatican City) temperate; mild, rainy winters (September to mid-May) with hot, dry summers (May to September) Namibia desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erratic West Bank temperate; temperature and precipitation vary with altitude, warm to hot summers, cool to mild winters Wallis and Futuna tropical; hot, rainy season (November to April); cool, dry season (May to October); rains 2,500-3,000 mm per year (80% humidity); average temperature 26.6 degrees C Western Sahara hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore air currents produce fog and heavy dew Wake Island tropical Samoa tropical; rainy season (October to March), dry season (May to October) Swaziland varies from tropical to near temperate Indian Ocean northeast monsoon (December to April), southwest monsoon (June to October); tropical cyclones occur during May/June and October/November in the northern Indian Ocean and January/February in the southern Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean polar climate characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature ranges; winters characterized by continuous darkness, cold and stable weather conditions, and clear skies; summers characterized by continuous daylight, damp and foggy weather, and weak cyclones with rain or snow World two large areas of polar climates separated by two rather narrow temperate zones form a wide equatorial band of tropical to subtropical climates Serbia and Montenegro in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid summers with well distributed rainfall); central portion, continental and Mediterranean climate; to the south, Adriatic climate along the coast, hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall inland Yemen mostly desert; hot and humid along west coast; temperate in western mountains affected by seasonal monsoon; extraordinarily hot, dry, harsh desert in east Zambia tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to April) Atlantic Ocean tropical cyclones (hurricanes) develop off the coast of Africa near Cape Verde and move westward into the Caribbean Sea; hurricanes can occur from May to December, but are most frequent from August to November Zimbabwe tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November to March) Pacific Ocean planetary air pressure systems and resultant wind patterns exhibit remarkable uniformity in the south and east; trade winds and westerly winds are well-developed patterns, modified by seasonal fluctuations; tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south of Mexico from June to October and affect Mexico and Central America; continental influences cause climatic uniformity to be much less pronounced in the eastern and western regions at the same latitude in the North Pacific Ocean; the western Pacific is monsoonal - a rainy season occurs during the summer months, when moisture-laden winds blow from the ocean over the land, and a dry season during the winter months, when dry winds blow from the Asian landmass back to the ocean; tropical cyclones (typhoons) may strike southeast and east Asia from May to December Argentina mostly temperate; arid in southeast; subantarctic in southwest Australia generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east; tropical in north Ashmore and Cartier Islands tropical Austria temperate; continental, cloudy; cold winters with frequent rain in lowlands and snow in mountains; cool summers with occasional showers Anguilla tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds Antarctica severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation, and distance from the ocean; East Antarctica is colder than West Antarctica because of its higher elevation; Antarctic Peninsula has the most moderate climate; higher temperatures occur in January along the coast and average slightly below freezing Bahrain arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers Barbados tropical; rainy season (June to October) Botswana semiarid; warm winters and hot summers Bermuda subtropical; mild, humid; gales, strong winds common in winter Belgium temperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy, humid, cloudy Bahamas, The tropical marine; moderated by warm waters of Gulf Stream Bangladesh tropical; mild winter (October to March); hot, humid summer (March to June); humid, warm rainy monsoon (June to October) Belize tropical; very hot and humid; rainy season (May to November); dry season (February to May) Bosnia and Herzegovina hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast Bolivia varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid Burma tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon, June to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, December to April) Benin tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north Belarus cold winters, cool and moist summers; transitional between continental and maritime Solomon Islands tropical monsoon; few extremes of temperature and weather Navassa Island marine, tropical Brazil mostly tropical, but temperate in south Bassas da India tropical Bhutan varies; tropical in southern plains; cool winters and hot summers in central valleys; severe winters and cool summers in Himalayas Bulgaria temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers Bouvet Island antarctic Brunei tropical; hot, humid, rainy Burundi equatorial; high plateau with considerable altitude variation (772 m to 2,670 m above sea level); average annual temperature varies with altitude from 23 to 17 degrees centigrade but is generally moderate as the average altitude is about 1,700 m; average annual rainfall is about 150 cm; wet seasons from February to May and September to November, and dry seasons from June to August and December to January Canada varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north Cambodia tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to November); dry season (December to April); little seasonal temperature variation Chad tropical in south, desert in north Sri Lanka tropical monsoon; northeast monsoon (December to March); southwest monsoon (June to October) Congo, Republic of the tropical; rainy season (March to June); dry season (June to October); constantly high temperatures and humidity; particularly enervating climate astride the Equator Congo, Democratic Republic of the tropical; hot and humid in equatorial river basin; cooler and drier in southern highlands; cooler and wetter in eastern highlands; north of Equator - wet season April to October, dry season December to February; south of Equator - wet season November to March, dry season April to October China extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north Chile temperate; desert in north; Mediterranean in central region; cool and damp in south Cayman Islands tropical marine; warm, rainy summers (May to October) and cool, relatively dry winters (November to April) Cocos (Keeling) Islands pleasant, modified by the southeast trade winds for about nine months of the year; moderate rainfall Cameroon varies with terrain, from tropical along coast to semiarid and hot in north Comoros tropical marine; rainy season (November to May) Colombia tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands Northern Mariana Islands tropical marine; moderated by northeast trade winds, little seasonal temperature variation; dry season December to June, rainy season July to October Coral Sea Islands tropical Costa Rica tropical and subtropical; dry season (December to April); rainy season (May to November); cooler in highlands Central African Republic tropical; hot, dry winters; mild to hot, wet summers Cuba tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to April); rainy season (May to October) Cape Verde temperate; warm, dry summer; precipitation meager and very erratic Cook Islands tropical; moderated by trade winds Cyprus temperate, Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool, winters Denmark temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and cool summers Djibouti desert; torrid, dry Dominica tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds; heavy rainfall Jarvis Island tropical; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun Dominican Republic tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation; seasonal variation in rainfall Ecuador tropical along coast, becoming cooler inland at higher elevations; tropical in Amazonian jungle lowlands Egypt desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters Ireland temperate maritime; modified by North Atlantic Current; mild winters, cool summers; consistently humid; overcast about half the time Equatorial Guinea tropical; always hot, humid Estonia maritime, wet, moderate winters, cool summers Eritrea hot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast; cooler and wetter in the central highlands (up to 61 cm of rainfall annually); semiarid in western hills and lowlands; rainfall heaviest during June-September except in coastal desert El Salvador tropical; rainy season (May to October); dry season (November to April); tropical on coast; temperate in uplands Ethiopia tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation Europa Island tropical Czech Republic temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters French Guiana tropical; hot, humid; little seasonal temperature variation Finland cold temperate; potentially subarctic, but comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes Fiji tropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature variation Micronesia, Federated States of tropical; heavy year-round rainfall, especially in the eastern islands; located on southern edge of the typhoon belt with occasionally severe damage Faroe Islands mild winters, cool summers; usually overcast; foggy, windy French Polynesia tropical, but moderate Baker Island equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun France generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and hot summers along the Mediterranean; occasional strong, cold, dry, north-to-northwesterly wind known as mistral French Southern and Antarctic Lands antarctic Gambia, The tropical; hot, rainy season (June to November); cooler, dry season (November to May) Gabon tropical; always hot, humid Georgia warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast Ghana tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast; hot and humid in southwest; hot and dry in north Gibraltar Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summers Grenada tropical; tempered by northeast trade winds Guernsey temperate with mild winters and cool summers; about 50% of days are overcast Greenland arctic to subarctic; cool summers, cold winters Germany temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers; occasional warm foehn wind Glorioso Islands tropical Guadeloupe subtropical tempered by trade winds; moderately high humidity Guam tropical marine; generally warm and humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season from January to June, rainy season from July to December; little seasonal temperature variation Greece temperate; mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers Guatemala tropical; hot, humid in lowlands; cooler in highlands Guinea generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds Guyana tropical; hot, humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; two rainy seasons (May to mid-August, mid-November to mid-January) Gaza Strip temperate, mild winters, dry and warm to hot summers Haiti tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade winds Hong Kong tropical monsoon; cool and humid in winter, hot and rainy from spring through summer, warm and sunny in fall Heard Island and McDonald Islands antarctic Honduras subtropical in lowlands, temperate in mountains Howland Island equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun Croatia Mediterranean and continental; continental climate predominant with hot summers and cold winters; mild winters, dry summers along coast Hungary temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers Iceland temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windy winters; damp, cool summers Indonesia tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands Man, Isle of cool summers and mild winters; temperate; overcast about one-third of the time India varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north British Indian Ocean Territory tropical marine; hot, humid, moderated by trade winds Clipperton Island tropical, humid, average temperature 20-32 degrees C, rains May-October Iran mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast Israel temperate; hot and dry in southern and eastern desert areas Italy predominantly Mediterranean; Alpine in far north; hot, dry in south Cote d'Ivoire tropical along coast, semiarid in far north; three seasons - warm and dry (November to March), hot and dry (March to May), hot and wet (June to October) Iraq mostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless summers; northern mountainous regions along Iranian and Turkish borders experience cold winters with occasionally heavy snows that melt in early spring, sometimes causing extensive flooding in central and southern Iraq Japan varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north Jersey temperate; mild winters and cool summers Jamaica tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior Jan Mayen arctic maritime with frequent storms and persistent fog Jordan mostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November to April) Johnston Atoll tropical, but generally dry; consistent northeast trade winds with little seasonal temperature variation Juan de Nova Island tropical Kenya varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior Kyrgyzstan dry continental to polar in high Tien Shan; subtropical in southwest (Fergana Valley); temperate in northern foothill zone Korea, North temperate with rainfall concentrated in summer Kingman Reef tropical, but moderated by prevailing winds Kiribati tropical; marine, hot and humid, moderated by trade winds Korea, South temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter Christmas Island tropical; heat and humidity moderated by trade winds Kuwait dry desert; intensely hot summers; short, cool winters Kazakhstan continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and semiarid Laos tropical monsoon; rainy season (May to November); dry season (December to April) Lebanon Mediterranean; mild to cool, wet winters with hot, dry summers; Lebanon mountains experience heavy winter snows Latvia maritime; wet, moderate winters Lithuania transitional, between maritime and continental; wet, moderate winters and summers Liberia tropical; hot, humid; dry winters with hot days and cool to cold nights; wet, cloudy summers with frequent heavy showers Slovakia temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters Palmyra Atoll equatorial, hot, and very rainy Liechtenstein continental; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow or rain; cool to moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers Lesotho temperate; cool to cold, dry winters; hot, wet summers Luxembourg modified continental with mild winters, cool summers Libya Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior Madagascar tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in south Martinique tropical; moderated by trade winds; rainy season (June to October); vulnerable to devastating cyclones (hurricanes) every eight years on average; average temperature 17.3 degrees C; humid Macau subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers Moldova moderate winters, warm summers Mayotte tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during northeastern monsoon (November to May); dry season is cooler (May to November) Mongolia desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges) Montserrat tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation Malawi sub-tropical; rainy season (November to May); dry season (May to November) Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of warm, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall Mali subtropical to arid; hot and dry February to June; rainy, humid, and mild June to November; cool and dry November to February Monaco Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers Morocco Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interior Mauritius tropical, modified by southeast trade winds; warm, dry winter (May to November); hot, wet, humid summer (November to May) Midway Islands subtropical, but moderated by prevailing easterly winds Mauritania desert; constantly hot, dry, dusty Malta Mediterranean with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers Oman dry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strong southwest summer monsoon (May to September) in far south Maldives tropical; hot, humid; dry, northeast monsoon (November to March); rainy, southwest monsoon (June to August) Mexico varies from tropical to desert Malaysia tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to February) monsoons Mozambique tropical to subtropical New Caledonia tropical; modified by southeast trade winds; hot, humid Niue tropical; modified by southeast trade winds Norfolk Island subtropical, mild, little seasonal temperature variation Niger desert; mostly hot, dry, dusty; tropical in extreme south Vanuatu tropical; moderated by southeast trade winds Nigeria varies; equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in north Netherlands temperate; marine; cool summers and mild winters Norway temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current; colder interior with increased precipitation and colder summers causing glaciers to grow; rainy year-round on west coast Nepal varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to subtropical summers and mild winters in south Nauru tropical; monsoonal; rainy season (November to February) Suriname tropical; moderated by trade winds Netherlands Antilles tropical; ameliorated by northeast trade winds Nicaragua tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands New Zealand temperate with sharp regional contrasts Southern Ocean sea temperatures vary from about 10 degrees Celsius to -2 degrees Celsius; cyclonic storms travel eastward around the continent and frequently are intense because of the temperature contrast between ice and open ocean; the ocean area from about latitude 40 south to the Antarctic Circle has the strongest average winds found anywhere on Earth; in winter the ocean freezes outward to 65 degrees south latitude in the Pacific sector and 55 degrees south latitude in the Atlantic sector, lowering surface temperatures well below 0 degrees Celsius; at some coastal points intense persistent drainage winds from the interior keep the shoreline ice-free throughout the winter Paraguay subtropical to temperate; substantial rainfall in the eastern portions, becoming semiarid in the far west Pitcairn Islands tropical, hot, humid; modified by southeast trade winds; rainy season (November to March) Peru varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes Paracel Islands tropical Spratly Islands tropical Pakistan mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north Poland temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers Panama tropical maritime; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season (May to January), short dry season (January to May) Portugal maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in south Papua New Guinea tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March), southeast monsoon (May to October); slight seasonal temperature variation Palau wet season May to November; hot and humid Guinea-Bissau tropical; generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds Qatar desert; hot, dry; humid and sultry in summer Reunion tropical, but temperature moderates with elevation; cool and dry from May to November, hot and rainy from November to April Marshall Islands wet season from May to November; hot and humid; islands border typhoon belt Romania temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms Philippines tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April); southwest monsoon (May to October) Puerto Rico tropical marine, mild; little seasonal temperature variation Russia ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast Rwanda temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible Saudi Arabia harsh, dry desert with great extremes of temperature Saint Pierre and Miquelon cold and wet, with much mist and fog; spring and autumn are windy Saint Kitts and Nevis tropical tempered by constant sea breezes; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November) Seychelles tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast monsoon (late May to September); warmer season during northwest monsoon (March to May) South Africa mostly semiarid; subtropical along east coast; sunny days, cool nights Senegal tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (May to November) has strong southeast winds; dry season (December to April) dominated by hot, dry, harmattan wind Saint Helena Saint Helena - tropical; marine; mild, tempered by trade winds; Tristan da Cunha - temperate; marine, mild, tempered by trade winds (tends to be cooler than Saint Helena) Slovenia Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate with mild to hot summers and cold winters in the plateaus and valleys to the east Sierra Leone tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to December); winter dry season (December to April) San Marino Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers Singapore tropical; hot, humid, rainy; two distinct monsoon seasons - Northeastern monsoon from December to March and Southwestern monsoon from June to September; inter-monsoon - frequent afternoon and early evening thunderstorms Somalia principally desert; December to February - northeast monsoon, moderate temperatures in north and very hot in south; May to October - southwest monsoon, torrid in the north and hot in the south, irregular rainfall, hot and humid periods (tangambili) between monsoons Spain temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool along coast Saint Lucia tropical, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season from January to April, rainy season from May to August Sudan tropical in south; arid desert in north; rainy season (April to October) Svalbard arctic, tempered by warm North Atlantic Current; cool summers, cold winters; North Atlantic Current flows along west and north coasts of Spitsbergen, keeping water open and navigable most of the year Sweden temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partly cloudy summers; subarctic in north South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands variable, with mostly westerly winds throughout the year interspersed with periods of calm; nearly all precipitation falls as snow Syria mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and mild, rainy winters (December to February) along coast; cold weather with snow or sleet periodically hitting Damascus Switzerland temperate, but varies with altitude; cold, cloudy, rainy/snowy winters; cool to warm, cloudy, humid summers with occasional showers Trinidad and Tobago tropical; rainy season (June to December) Tromelin Island tropical Thailand tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to September); dry, cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March); southern isthmus always hot and humid Tajikistan midlatitude continental, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains Turks and Caicos Islands tropical; marine; moderated by trade winds; sunny and relatively dry Tokelau tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November) Tonga tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), cool season (May to December) Togo tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north Sao Tome and Principe tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to May) Tunisia temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers; desert in south Turkey temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior Tuvalu tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March to November); westerly gales and heavy rain (November to March) Taiwan tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon (June to August); cloudiness is persistent and extensive all year Turkmenistan subtropical desert Tanzania varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands Uganda tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December to February, June to August); semiarid in northeast United Kingdom temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds over the North Atlantic Current; more than one-half of the days are overcast Ukraine temperate continental; Mediterranean only on the southern Crimean coast; precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in west and north, lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland; summers are warm across the greater part of the country, hot in the south United States mostly temperate, but tropical in Hawaii and Florida, arctic in Alaska, semiarid in the great plains west of the Mississippi River, and arid in the Great Basin of the southwest; low winter temperatures in the northwest are ameliorated occasionally in January and February by warm chinook winds from the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains Burkina Faso tropical; warm, dry winters; hot, wet summers Uruguay warm temperate; freezing temperatures almost unknown Uzbekistan mostly midlatitude desert, long, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid grassland in east Saint Vincent and the Grenadines tropical; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November) Venezuela tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands British Virgin Islands subtropical; humid; temperatures moderated by trade winds Vietnam tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season (mid-May to mid-September) and warm, dry season (mid-October to mid-March) Virgin Islands subtropical, tempered by easterly trade winds, relatively low humidity, little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season May to November Holy See (Vatican City) temperate; mild, rainy winters (September to mid-May) with hot, dry summers (May to September) Namibia desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erratic West Bank temperate, temperature and precipitation vary with altitude, warm to hot summers, cool to mild winters Wallis and Futuna tropical; hot, rainy season (November to April); cool, dry season (May to October); rains 2,500-3,000 mm per year (80% humidity); average temperature 26.6 degrees C Western Sahara hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore air currents produce fog and heavy dew Wake Island tropical Samoa tropical; rainy season (October to March), dry season (May to October) Swaziland varies from tropical to near temperate Indian Ocean northeast monsoon (December to April), southwest monsoon (June to October); tropical cyclones occur during May/June and October/November in the northern Indian Ocean and January/February in the southern Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean polar climate characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature ranges; winters characterized by continuous darkness, cold and stable weather conditions, and clear skies; summers characterized by continuous daylight, damp and foggy weather, and weak cyclones with rain or snow World two large areas of polar climates separated by two rather narrow temperate zones from a wide equatorial band of tropical to subtropical climates Yemen mostly desert; hot and humid along west coast; temperate in western mountains affected by seasonal monsoon; extraordinarily hot, dry, harsh desert in east Zambia tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to April) Atlantic Ocean tropical cyclones (hurricanes) develop off the coast of Africa near Cape Verde and move westward into the Caribbean Sea; hurricanes can occur from May to December, but are most frequent from August to November Zimbabwe tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November to March) Pacific Ocean planetary air pressure systems and resultant wind patterns exhibit remarkable uniformity in the south and east; trade winds and westerly winds are well-developed patterns, modified by seasonal fluctuations; tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south of Mexico from June to October and affect Mexico and Central America; continental influences cause climatic uniformity to be much less pronounced in the eastern and western regions at the same latitude in the North Pacific Ocean; the western Pacific is monsoonal - a rainy season occurs during the summer months, when moisture-laden winds blow from the ocean over the land, and a dry season during the winter months, when dry winds blow from the Asian landmass back to the ocean; tropical cyclones (typhoons) may strike southeast and east Asia from May to December World a wide equatorial band of hot and humid tropical climates - bordered north and south by subtropical temperate zones - that separate two large areas of cold and dry polar climates Afghanistan arid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summers Akrotiri temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters Albania mild temperate; cool, cloudy, wet winters; hot, clear, dry summers; interior is cooler and wetter Algeria arid to semiarid; mild, wet winters with hot, dry summers along coast; drier with cold winters and hot summers on high plateau; sirocco is a hot, dust/sand-laden wind especially common in summer American Samoa tropical marine, moderated by southeast trade winds; annual rainfall averages about 3 m; rainy season (November to April), dry season (May to October); little seasonal temperature variation Andorra temperate; snowy, cold winters and warm, dry summers Angola semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda; north has cool, dry season (May to October) and hot, rainy season (November to April) Anguilla tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds Antarctica severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation, and distance from the ocean; East Antarctica is colder than West Antarctica because of its higher elevation; Antarctic Peninsula has the most moderate climate; higher temperatures occur in January along the coast and average slightly below freezing Antigua and Barbuda tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation Arctic Ocean polar climate characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature ranges; winters characterized by continuous darkness, cold and stable weather conditions, and clear skies; summers characterized by continuous daylight, damp and foggy weather, and weak cyclones with rain or snow Argentina mostly temperate; arid in southeast; subantarctic in southwest Armenia highland continental, hot summers, cold winters Aruba tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation Ashmore and Cartier Islands tropical Atlantic Ocean tropical cyclones (hurricanes) develop off the coast of Africa near Cape Verde and move westward into the Caribbean Sea; hurricanes can occur from May to December, but are most frequent from August to November Australia generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east; tropical in north Austria temperate; continental, cloudy; cold winters with frequent rain and some snow in lowlands and snow in mountains; moderate summers with occasional showers Azerbaijan dry, semiarid steppe Bahamas, The tropical marine; moderated by warm waters of Gulf Stream Bahrain arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges Baker, Howland, and Jarvis Islands: equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun Bangladesh tropical; mild winter (October to March); hot, humid summer (March to June); humid, warm rainy monsoon (June to October) Barbados tropical; rainy season (June to October) Iles Eparses Current Weather Belarus cold winters, cool and moist summers; transitional between continental and maritime Belgium temperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy, humid, cloudy Belize tropical; very hot and humid; rainy season (May to November); dry season (February to May) Benin tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north Bermuda subtropical; mild, humid; gales, strong winds common in winter Bhutan varies; tropical in southern plains; cool winters and hot summers in central valleys; severe winters and cool summers in Himalayas Bosnia and Herzegovina hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast Bolivia varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid Botswana semiarid; warm winters and hot summers Bouvet Island antarctic Brazil mostly tropical, but temperate in south British Indian Ocean Territory tropical marine; hot, humid, moderated by trade winds British Virgin Islands subtropical; humid; temperatures moderated by trade winds Brunei tropical; hot, humid, rainy Bulgaria temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers Burkina Faso tropical; warm, dry winters; hot, wet summers Burma tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon, June to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, December to April) Burundi equatorial; high plateau with considerable altitude variation (772 m to 2,670 m above sea level); average annual temperature varies with altitude from 23 to 17 degrees centigrade but is generally moderate as the average altitude is about 1,700 m; average annual rainfall is about 150 cm; two wet seasons (February to May and September to November), and two dry seasons (June to August and December to January) Cambodia tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to November); dry season (December to April); little seasonal temperature variation Cameroon varies with terrain, from tropical along coast to semiarid and hot in north Canada varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north Cape Verde temperate; warm, dry summer; precipitation meager and very erratic Cayman Islands tropical marine; warm, rainy summers (May to October) and cool, relatively dry winters (November to April) Central African Republic tropical; hot, dry winters; mild to hot, wet summers Chad tropical in south, desert in north Chile temperate; desert in north; Mediterranean in central region; cool and damp in south China extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north Christmas Island tropical with a wet season (December to April) and dry season; heat and humidity moderated by trade winds Clipperton Island tropical; humid, average temperature 20-32 degrees C, wet season (May to October) Cocos (Keeling) Islands tropical with high humidity, moderated by the southeast trade winds for about nine months of the year Colombia tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands Comoros tropical marine; rainy season (November to May) Cyprus temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters Congo, Republic of the tropical; rainy season (March to June); dry season (June to October); persistent high temperatures and humidity; particularly enervating climate astride the Equator Cook Islands tropical oceanic; moderated by trade winds; a dry season from April to November and a more humid season from December to March Coral Sea Islands tropical Costa Rica tropical and subtropical; dry season (December to April); rainy season (May to November); cooler in highlands Cote d'Ivoire tropical along coast, semiarid in far north; three seasons - warm and dry (November to March), hot and dry (March to May), hot and wet (June to October) Croatia Mediterranean and continental; continental climate predominant with hot summers and cold winters; mild winters, dry summers along coast Egypt desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters East Timor tropical; hot, humid; distinct rainy and dry seasons Ecuador tropical along coast, becoming cooler inland at higher elevations; tropical in Amazonian jungle lowlands Dominican Republic tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation; seasonal variation in rainfall Dominica tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds; heavy rainfall Djibouti desert; torrid, dry Dhekelia temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters Denmark temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and cool summers Czech Republic temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters Cuba tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to April); rainy season (May to October) El Salvador tropical; rainy season (May to October); dry season (November to April); tropical on coast; temperate in uplands Equatorial Guinea tropical; always hot, humid Eritrea hot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast; cooler and wetter in the central highlands (up to 61 cm of rainfall annually, heaviest June to September); semiarid in western hills and lowlands Estonia maritime, wet, moderate winters, cool summers Ethiopia tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) cold marine; strong westerly winds, cloudy, humid; rain occurs on more than half of days in year; average annual rainfall is 24 inches in Stanley; occasional snow all year, except in January and February, but does not accumulate Faroe Islands mild winters, cool summers; usually overcast; foggy, windy Fiji tropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature variation Finland cold temperate; potentially subarctic but comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes France metropolitan France: generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and hot summers along the Mediterranean; occasional strong, cold, dry, north-to-northwesterly wind known as mistral French Polynesia tropical, but moderate French Southern and Antarctic Lands Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul: oceanic with persistent westerly winds and high humidity Gabon tropical; always hot, humid Gambia, The tropical; hot, rainy season (June to November); cooler, dry season (November to May) Gaza Strip temperate, mild winters, dry and warm to hot summers Georgia warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast Germany temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers; occasional warm mountain (foehn) wind Ghana tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast; hot and humid in southwest; hot and dry in north Gibraltar Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summers Iles Eparses Current Weather Greece temperate; mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers Greenland arctic to subarctic; cool summers, cold winters Grenada tropical; tempered by northeast trade winds Guam tropical marine; generally warm and humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season (January to June), rainy season (July to December); little seasonal temperature variation Guatemala tropical; hot, humid in lowlands; cooler in highlands Guernsey temperate with mild winters and cool summers; about 50% of days are overcast Guinea generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds Guinea-Bissau tropical; generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds Guyana tropical; hot, humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; two rainy seasons (May to August, November to January) Haiti tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade winds Heard Island and McDonald Islands antarctic Holy See (Vatican City) temperate; mild, rainy winters (September to May) with hot, dry summers (May to September) Honduras subtropical in lowlands, temperate in mountains Iceland temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windy winters; damp, cool summers Hungary temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers Hong Kong subtropical monsoon; cool and humid in winter, hot and rainy from spring through summer, warm and sunny in fall Iles Eparses Current Weather India varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north Indian Ocean northeast monsoon (December to April), southwest monsoon (June to October); tropical cyclones occur during May/June and October/November in the northern Indian Ocean and January/February in the southern Indian Ocean Indonesia tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands Iran mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast Iraq mostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless summers; northern mountainous regions along Iranian and Turkish borders experience cold winters with occasionally heavy snows that melt in early spring, sometimes causing extensive flooding in central and southern Iraq Ireland temperate maritime; modified by North Atlantic Current; mild winters, cool summers; consistently humid; overcast about half the time Isle of Man temperate; cool summers and mild winters; overcast about one-third of the time Israel temperate; hot and dry in southern and eastern desert areas Italy predominantly Mediterranean; Alpine in far north; hot, dry in south Jamaica tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior Jan Mayen arctic maritime with frequent storms and persistent fog Japan varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north Jersey temperate; mild winters and cool summers Jordan mostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November to April) Kazakhstan continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and semiarid Kenya varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior Kiribati tropical; marine, hot and humid, moderated by trade winds Korea, North temperate with rainfall concentrated in summer Korea, South temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter Kuwait dry desert; intensely hot summers; short, cool winters Kyrgyzstan dry continental to polar in high Tien Shan; subtropical in southwest (Fergana Valley); temperate in northern foothill zone Laos tropical monsoon; rainy season (May to November); dry season (December to April) Latvia maritime; wet, moderate winters Lebanon Mediterranean; mild to cool, wet winters with hot, dry summers; Lebanon mountains experience heavy winter snows Lesotho temperate; cool to cold, dry winters; hot, wet summers Liberia tropical; hot, humid; dry winters with hot days and cool to cold nights; wet, cloudy summers with frequent heavy showers Libya Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior Liechtenstein continental; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow or rain; cool to moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers Lithuania transitional, between maritime and continental; wet, moderate winters and summers Luxembourg modified continental with mild winters, cool summers Macau subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers Macedonia warm, dry summers and autumns; relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall Madagascar tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in south Malawi sub-tropical; rainy season (November to May); dry season (May to November) Malaysia tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to February) monsoons Maldives tropical; hot, humid; dry, northeast monsoon (November to March); rainy, southwest monsoon (June to August) Mali subtropical to arid; hot and dry (February to June); rainy, humid, and mild (June to November); cool and dry (November to February) Malta Mediterranean; mild, rainy winters; hot, dry summers Marshall Islands tropical; hot and humid; wet season May to November; islands border typhoon belt Mauritania desert; constantly hot, dry, dusty Mauritius tropical, modified by southeast trade winds; warm, dry winter (May to November); hot, wet, humid summer (November to May) Mayotte tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during northeastern monsoon (November to May); dry season is cooler (May to November) Mexico varies from tropical to desert Micronesia, Federated States of tropical; heavy year-round rainfall, especially in the eastern islands; located on southern edge of the typhoon belt with occasionally severe damage Moldova moderate winters, warm summers Monaco Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers Mongolia desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges) Montenegro Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland Montserrat tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation Morocco Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interior Mozambique tropical to subtropical Namibia desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erratic Nauru tropical with a monsoonal pattern; rainy season (November to February) Navassa Island marine, tropical Nepal varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to subtropical summers and mild winters in south Netherlands temperate; marine; cool summers and mild winters Netherlands Antilles tropical; ameliorated by northeast trade winds New Caledonia tropical; modified by southeast trade winds; hot, humid New Zealand temperate with sharp regional contrasts Nicaragua tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands Niger desert; mostly hot, dry, dusty; tropical in extreme south Nigeria varies; equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in north Niue tropical; modified by southeast trade winds Norfolk Island subtropical; mild, little seasonal temperature variation Northern Mariana Islands tropical marine; moderated by northeast trade winds, little seasonal temperature variation; dry season December to June, rainy season July to October Norway temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current; colder interior with increased precipitation and colder summers; rainy year-round on west coast Pacific Ocean planetary air pressure systems and resultant wind patterns exhibit remarkable uniformity in the south and east; trade winds and westerly winds are well-developed patterns, modified by seasonal fluctuations; tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south of Mexico from June to October and affect Mexico and Central America; continental influences cause climatic uniformity to be much less pronounced in the eastern and western regions at the same latitude in the North Pacific Ocean; the western Pacific is monsoonal - a rainy season occurs during the summer months, when moisture-laden winds blow from the ocean over the land, and a dry season during the winter months, when dry winds blow from the Asian landmass back to the ocean; tropical cyclones (typhoons) may strike southeast and east Asia from May to December Pakistan mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north Palau tropical; hot and humid; wet season May to November Panama tropical maritime; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season (May to January), short dry season (January to May) Papua New Guinea tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March), southeast monsoon (May to October); slight seasonal temperature variation Paracel Islands tropical Paraguay subtropical to temperate; substantial rainfall in the eastern portions, becoming semiarid in the far west Peru varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes Philippines tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April); southwest monsoon (May to October) Pitcairn Islands tropical; hot and humid; modified by southeast trade winds; rainy season (November to March) Poland temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers Portugal maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in south Puerto Rico tropical marine, mild; little seasonal temperature variation Qatar arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers Romania temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms Wallis and Futuna tropical; hot, rainy season (November to April); cool, dry season (May to October); rains 2,500-3,000 mm per year (80% humidity); average temperature 26.6 degrees C Virgin Islands subtropical, tempered by easterly trade winds, relatively low humidity, little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season September to November Wake Island tropical Venezuela tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands Vietnam tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season (May to September) and warm, dry season (October to March) Vanuatu tropical; moderated by southeast trade winds from May to October; moderate rainfall from November to April; may be affected by cyclones from December to April Uruguay warm temperate; freezing temperatures almost unknown Uzbekistan mostly midlatitude desert, long, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid grassland in east United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges Baker, Howland, and Jarvis Islands: equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun United States mostly temperate, but tropical in Hawaii and Florida, arctic in Alaska, semiarid in the great plains west of the Mississippi River, and arid in the Great Basin of the southwest; low winter temperatures in the northwest are ameliorated occasionally in January and February by warm chinook winds from the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains United Arab Emirates desert; cooler in eastern mountains United Kingdom temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds over the North Atlantic Current; more than one-half of the days are overcast Uganda tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December to February, June to August); semiarid in northeast Ukraine temperate continental; Mediterranean only on the southern Crimean coast; precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in west and north, lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland; summers are warm across the greater part of the country, hot in the south Turks and Caicos Islands tropical; marine; moderated by trade winds; sunny and relatively dry Tuvalu tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March to November); westerly gales and heavy rain (November to March) Turkmenistan subtropical desert Tunisia temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers; desert in south Turkey temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior Tonga tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), cool season (May to December) Trinidad and Tobago tropical; rainy season (June to December) Togo tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north Tokelau tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November) Tanzania varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands Thailand tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to September); dry, cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March); southern isthmus always hot and humid Syria mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and mild, rainy winters (December to February) along coast; cold weather with snow or sleet periodically in Damascus Tajikistan midlatitude continental, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains Switzerland temperate, but varies with altitude; cold, cloudy, rainy/snowy winters; cool to warm, cloudy, humid summers with occasional showers Swaziland varies from tropical to near temperate Sweden temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partly cloudy summers; subarctic in north Suriname tropical; moderated by trade winds Svalbard arctic, tempered by warm North Atlantic Current; cool summers, cold winters; North Atlantic Current flows along west and north coasts of Spitsbergen, keeping water open and navigable most of the year Spratly Islands tropical Sri Lanka tropical monsoon; northeast monsoon (December to March); southwest monsoon (June to October) Sudan tropical in south; arid desert in north; rainy season varies by region (April to November) Spain temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool along coast South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands variable, with mostly westerly winds throughout the year interspersed with periods of calm; nearly all precipitation falls as snow Southern Ocean sea temperatures vary from about 10 degrees Celsius to -2 degrees Celsius; cyclonic storms travel eastward around the continent and frequently are intense because of the temperature contrast between ice and open ocean; the ocean area from about latitude 40 south to the Antarctic Circle has the strongest average winds found anywhere on Earth; in winter the ocean freezes outward to 65 degrees south latitude in the Pacific sector and 55 degrees south latitude in the Atlantic sector, lowering surface temperatures well below 0 degrees Celsius; at some coastal points intense persistent drainage winds from the interior keep the shoreline ice-free throughout the winter South Africa mostly semiarid; subtropical along east coast; sunny days, cool nights Solomon Islands tropical monsoon; few extremes of temperature and weather Somalia principally desert; northeast monsoon (December to February), moderate temperatures in north and hot in south; southwest monsoon (May to October), torrid in the north and hot in the south, irregular rainfall, hot and humid periods (tangambili) between monsoons Slovakia temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters Slovenia Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate with mild to hot summers and cold winters in the plateaus and valleys to the east Sierra Leone tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to December); winter dry season (December to April) Singapore tropical; hot, humid, rainy; two distinct monsoon seasons - Northeastern monsoon (December to March) and Southwestern monsoon (June to September); inter-monsoon - frequent afternoon and early evening thunderstorms Senegal tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (May to November) has strong southeast winds; dry season (December to April) dominated by hot, dry, harmattan wind Congo, Democratic Republic of the tropical; hot and humid in equatorial river basin; cooler and drier in southern highlands; cooler and wetter in eastern highlands; north of Equator - wet season (April to October), dry season (December to February); south of Equator - wet season (November to March), dry season (April to October) Seychelles tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast monsoon (late May to September); warmer season during northwest monsoon (March to May) San Marino Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers Sao Tome and Principe tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to May) Saudi Arabia harsh, dry desert with great temperature extremes Saint Pierre and Miquelon cold and wet, with much mist and fog; spring and autumn are windy Saint Vincent and the Grenadines tropical; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November) Samoa tropical; rainy season (November to April), dry season (May to October) Saint Kitts and Nevis tropical, tempered by constant sea breezes; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November) Saint Lucia tropical, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season January to April, rainy season May to August Rwanda temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible Saint Helena Saint Helena: tropical marine; mild, tempered by trade winds Russia ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges Baker, Howland, and Jarvis Islands: equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun Oman dry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strong southwest summer monsoon (May to September) in far south United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges Baker, Howland, and Jarvis Islands: equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges Baker, Howland, and Jarvis Islands: equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun Iles Eparses Current Weather United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges Baker, Howland, and Jarvis Islands: equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges Baker, Howland, and Jarvis Islands: equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges Baker, Howland, and Jarvis Islands: equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun Iles Eparses Current Weather European Union cold temperate; potentially subarctic in the north to temperate; mild wet winters; hot dry summers in the south Taiwan tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon (June to August); cloudiness is persistent and extensive all year Zimbabwe tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November to March) Zambia tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to April) Yemen mostly desert; hot and humid along west coast; temperate in western mountains affected by seasonal monsoon; extraordinarily hot, dry, harsh desert in east Western Sahara hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore air currents produce fog and heavy dew West Bank temperate; temperature and precipitation vary with altitude, warm to hot summers, cool to mild winters Human Rights UN clears Zim of rights abuses Iraqi Guerrillas Free Remaining Japanese Hostages U.S. Troops hold canadians near Iran-Iraq border Foiling of US bid at UN human rights session hailed more Birth Control Issues Final Arguments Begin in Abortion Ban Case Judge deliberates in abortion trial Cleft lip abortion to be investigated New father dies in car crash just minutes after helping wife more Top | Languages | Jobs | News Archive | WN Links | WN Network | © 1997-2004 World News Network | Contact our Advertising team for Advertising and Sponsorship on WorldNews.com and WorldNews Network