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Fri, 26 Apr 2024 Country Languages Aruba Dutch (official), Papiamento (a Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, English dialect), English (widely spoken), Spanish Antigua and Barbuda English (official), local dialects United Arab Emirates Arabic (official), Persian, English, Hindi, Urdu Afghanistan Afghan Persian or Dari (official) 50%, Pashtu (official) 35%, Turkic languages (primarily Uzbek and Turkmen) 11%, 30 minor languages (primarily Balochi and Pashai) 4%, much bilingualism Algeria Arabic (official), French, Berber dialects Azerbaijan Azerbaijani (Azeri) 89%, Russian 3%, Armenian 2%, other 6% (1995 est.) Albania Albanian (official - derived from Tosk dialect), Greek, Vlach, Romani, Slavic dialects Armenia Armenian 97.7%, Yezidi 1%, Russian 0.9%, other 0.4% (2001 census) Andorra Catalan (official), French, Castilian, Portuguese Angola Portuguese (official), Bantu and other African languages American Samoa Samoan 90.6% (closely related to Hawaiian and other Polynesian languages), English 2.9%, Tongan 2.4%, other Pacific islander 2.1%, other 2% Argentina Spanish (official), English, Italian, German, French Australia English 79.1%, Chinese 2.1%, Italian 1.9%, other 11.1%, unspecified 5.8% (2001 Census) Ashmore and Cartier Islands Austria German (official nationwide), Slovene (official in Carinthia), Croatian (official in Burgenland), Hungarian (official in Burgenland) Anguilla English (official) Akrotiri English, Greek Antarctica Bahrain Arabic, English, Farsi, Urdu Barbados English Botswana Setswana 78.2%, Kalanga 7.9%, Sekgalagadi 2.8%, English 2.1% (official), other 8.6%, unspecified 0.4% (2001 census) Bermuda English (official), Portuguese Belgium Dutch (official) 60%, French (official) 40%, German (official) less than 1%, legally bilingual (Dutch and French) Bahamas, The English (official), Creole (among Haitian immigrants) Bangladesh Bangla (official, also known as Bengali), English Belize English (official), Spanish, Mayan, Garifuna (Carib), Creole Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian Bolivia Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara (official) Burma Burmese, minority ethnic groups have their own languages Benin French (official), Fon and Yoruba (most common vernaculars in south), tribal languages (at least six major ones in north) Belarus Belarusian, Russian, other Solomon Islands Melanesian pidgin in much of the country is lingua franca; English is official but spoken by only 1%-2% of the population Navassa Island Brazil Portuguese (official), Spanish, English, French Bassas da India Bhutan Dzongkha (official), Bhotes speak various Tibetan dialects, Nepalese speak various Nepalese dialects Bulgaria Bulgarian 84.5%, Turkish 9.6%, Roma 4.1%, other and unspecified 1.8% (2001 census) Bouvet Island Brunei Malay (official), English, Chinese Burundi Kirundi (official), French (official), Swahili (along Lake Tanganyika and in the Bujumbura area) Canada English (official) 59.3%, French (official) 23.2%, other 17.5% Cambodia Khmer (official) 95%, French, English Chad French (official), Arabic (official), Sara (in south), more than 120 different languages and dialects Sri Lanka Sinhala (official and national language) 74%, Tamil (national language) 18%, other 8% Congo, Republic of the French (official), Lingala and Monokutuba (lingua franca trade languages), many local languages and dialects (of which Kikongo is the most widespread) Congo, Democratic Republic of the French (official), Lingala (a lingua franca trade language), Kingwana (a dialect of Kiswahili or Swahili), Kikongo, Tshiluba China Standard Chinese or Mandarin (Putonghua, based on the Beijing dialect), Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghaiese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, minority languages (see Ethnic groups entry) Chile Spanish Cayman Islands English Cocos (Keeling) Islands Malay (Cocos dialect), English Cameroon 24 major African language groups, English (official), French (official) Comoros Arabic (official), French (official), Shikomoro (a blend of Swahili and Arabic) Colombia Spanish Northern Mariana Islands Philippine languages 24.4%, Chinese 23.4%, Chamorro 22.4%, English 10.8%, other Pacific island languages 9.5%, other 9.6% (2000 census) Coral Sea Islands Costa Rica Spanish (official), English Central African Republic French (official), Sangho (lingua franca and national language), tribal languages Cuba Spanish Cape Verde Portuguese, Crioulo (a blend of Portuguese and West African words) Cook Islands English (official), Maori Cyprus Greek, Turkish, English Denmark Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic (an Inuit dialect), German (small minority) Djibouti French (official), Arabic (official), Somali, Afar Dominica English (official), French patois Jarvis Island Dominican Republic Spanish Dhekelia English, Greek Ecuador Spanish (official), Amerindian languages (especially Quechua) European Union Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Maltese, Polish, Portuguese, Slovak, Slovene, Spanish, Swedish; note - only official languages are listed; Irish (Gaelic) will become the twenty-first language on 1 January 2007 Egypt Arabic (official), English and French widely understood by educated classes Ireland English (official) is the language generally used, Irish (official) (Gaelic or Gaeilge) spoken mainly in areas located along the western seaboard Equatorial Guinea Spanish (official), French (official), pidgin English, Fang, Bubi, Ibo Estonia Estonian (official) 67.3%, Russian 29.7%, other 2.3%, unknown 0.7% (2000 census) Eritrea Afar, Arabic, Tigre and Kunama, Tigrinya, other Cushitic languages El Salvador Spanish, Nahua (among some Amerindians) Ethiopia Amharic, Tigrinya, Oromigna, Guaragigna, Somali, Arabic, other local languages, English (major foreign language taught in schools) Europa Island Czech Republic Czech French Guiana French Finland Finnish 92% (official), Swedish 5.6% (official), other 2.4% (small Sami- and Russian-speaking minorities) (2003) Fiji English (official), Fijian, Hindustani Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) English Micronesia, Federated States of English (official and common language), Trukese, Pohnpeian, Yapese, Kosrean, Ulithian, Woleaian, Nukuoro, Kapingamarangi Faroe Islands Faroese (derived from Old Norse), Danish French Polynesia French 61.1% (official), Polynesian 31.4% (official), Asian languages 1.2%, other 0.3%, unspecified 6% (2002 census) Baker Island France French 100%, rapidly declining regional dialects and languages (Provencal, Breton, Alsatian, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish) French Southern and Antarctic Lands Gambia, The English (official), Mandinka, Wolof, Fula, other indigenous vernaculars Gabon French (official), Fang, Myene, Nzebi, Bapounou/Eschira, Bandjabi Georgia Georgian 71% (official), Russian 9%, Armenian 7%, Azeri 6%, other 7% Ghana English (official), African languages (including Akan, Moshi-Dagomba, Ewe, and Ga) Gibraltar English (used in schools and for official purposes), Spanish, Italian, Portuguese Grenada English (official), French patois Guernsey English, French, Norman-French dialect spoken in country districts Greenland Greenlandic (East Inuit), Danish, English Germany German Glorioso Islands Guadeloupe French (official) 99%, Creole patois Guam English 38.3%, Chamorro 22.2%, Philippine languages 22.2%, other Pacific island languages 6.8%, Asian languages 7%, other languages 3.5% (2000 census) Greece Greek 99% (official), English, French Guatemala Spanish 60%, Amerindian languages 40% (23 officially recognized Amerindian languages, including Quiche, Cakchiquel, Kekchi, Mam, Garifuna, and Xinca) Guinea French (official), each ethnic group has its own language Guyana English, Amerindian dialects, Creole, Hindi, Urdu Gaza Strip Arabic, Hebrew (spoken by Israeli settlers and many Palestinians), English (widely understood) Haiti French (official), Creole (official) Hong Kong Chinese (Cantonese), English; both are official Heard Island and McDonald Islands Honduras Spanish, Amerindian dialects Howland Island Croatia Croatian 96.1%, Serbian 1%, other and undesignated 2.9% (including Italian, Hungarian, Czech, Slovak, and German) (2001 census) Hungary Hungarian 93.6%, other or unspecified 6.4% (2001 census) Iceland Icelandic, English, Nordic languages, German widely spoken Indonesia Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects, the most widely spoken of which is Javanese Man, Isle of English, Manx Gaelic India English enjoys associate status but is the most important language for national, political, and commercial communication; Hindi is the national language and primary tongue of 30% of the people; there are 14 other official languages: Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese, Kashmiri, Sindhi, and Sanskrit; Hindustani is a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu spoken widely throughout northern India but is not an official language British Indian Ocean Territory Clipperton Island Iran Persian and Persian dialects 58%, Turkic and Turkic dialects 26%, Kurdish 9%, Luri 2%, Balochi 1%, Arabic 1%, Turkish 1%, other 2% Israel Hebrew (official), Arabic used officially for Arab minority, English most commonly used foreign language Italy Italian (official), German (parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region are predominantly German speaking), French (small French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aosta region), Slovene (Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area) Iraq Arabic, Kurdish (official in Kurdish regions), Assyrian, Armenian Japan Japanese Jersey English 94.5% (official), Portuguese 4.6%, other 0.9% (2001 census) Jamaica English, patois English Jan Mayen Jordan Arabic (official), English widely understood among upper and middle classes Johnston Atoll Juan de Nova Island Kenya English (official), Kiswahili (official), numerous indigenous languages Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz (official), Russian (official) Korea, North Korean Kingman Reef Kiribati I-Kiribati, English (official) Korea, South Korean, English widely taught in junior high and high school Christmas Island English (official), Chinese, Malay Kuwait Arabic (official), English widely spoken Kazakhstan Kazakh (Qazaq, state language) 64.4%, Russian (official, used in everyday business, designated the "language of interethnic communication") 95% (2001 est.) Laos Lao (official), French, English, and various ethnic languages Lebanon Arabic (official), French, English, Armenian Latvia Latvian (official) 58.2%, Russian 37.5%, Lithuanian and other 4.3% (2000 census) Lithuania Lithuanian (official) 82%, Russian 8%, Polish 5.6%, other and unspecified 4.4% (2001 census) Liberia English 20% (official), some 20 ethnic group languages, of which a few can be written and are used in correspondence Slovakia Slovak (official) 83.9%, Hungarian 10.7%, Roma 1.8%, Ukrainian 1%, other or unspecified 2.6% (2001 census) Palmyra Atoll Liechtenstein German (official), Alemannic dialect Lesotho Sesotho (southern Sotho), English (official), Zulu, Xhosa Luxembourg Luxembourgish (national language), German (administrative language), French (administrative language) Libya Arabic, Italian, English, all are widely understood in the major cities Madagascar French (official), Malagasy (official) Martinique French, Creole patois Macau Cantonese 87.9%, Hokkien 4.4%, Mandarin 1.6%, other Chinese dialects 3.1%, other 3% (2001 census) Moldova Moldovan (official, virtually the same as the Romanian language), Russian, Gagauz (a Turkish dialect) Mayotte Mahorian (a Swahili dialect), French (official language) spoken by 35% of the population Mongolia Khalkha Mongol 90%, Turkic, Russian (1999) Montserrat English Malawi Chichewa 57.2% (official), Chinyanja 12.8%, Chiyao 10.1%, Chitumbuka 9.5%, Chisena 2.7%, Chilomwe 2.4%, Chitonga 1.7%, other 3.6% (1998 census) Macedonia Macedonian 66.5%, Albanian 25.1%, Turkish 3.5%, Roma 1.9%, Serbian 1.2%, other 1.8% (2002 census) Mali French (official), Bambara 80%, numerous African languages Monaco French (official), English, Italian, Monegasque Morocco Arabic (official), Berber dialects, French often the language of business, government, and diplomacy Mauritius Creole 80.5%, Bhojpuri 12.1%, French 3.4% (official), other 3.7%, unspecified 0.3% (2000 census) Midway Islands Mauritania Arabic (official), Pulaar, Soninke, French, Hassaniya, Wolof Malta Maltese (official), English (official) Oman Arabic (official), English, Baluchi, Urdu, Indian dialects Maldives Maldivian Dhivehi (dialect of Sinhala, script derived from Arabic), English spoken by most government officials Mexico Spanish, various Mayan, Nahuatl, and other regional indigenous languages Malaysia Bahasa Melayu (official), English, Chinese dialects (Cantonese, Mandarin, Hokkien, Hakka, Hainan, Foochow), Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Panjabi, Thai Mozambique Emakhuwa 26.1%, Xichangana 11.3%, Portuguese 8.8% (official; spoken by 27% of population as a second language), Elomwe 7.6%, Cisena 6.8%, Echuwabo 5.8%, other Mozambican languages 32%, other foreign languages 0.3%, unspecified 1.3% (1997 census) New Caledonia French (official), 33 Melanesian-Polynesian dialects Niue Niuean, a Polynesian language closely related to Tongan and Samoan; English Norfolk Island English (official), Norfolk a mixture of 18th century English and ancient Tahitian Niger French (official), Hausa, Djerma Vanuatu local languages (more than 100) 72.6%, pidgin (known as Bislama or Bichelama) 23.1%, English 1.9%, French 1.4%, other 0.3%, unspecified 0.7% (1999 Census) Nigeria English (official), Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo (Ibo), Fulani Netherlands Dutch (official), Frisian (official) Norway Bokmal Norwegian (official), Nynorsk Norwegian (official), small Sami- and Finnish-speaking minorities Nepal Nepali 47.8%, Maithali 12.1%, Bhojpuri 7.4%, Tharu (Dagaura/Rana) 5.8%, Tamang 5.1%, Newar 3.6%, Magar 3.3%, Awadhi 2.4%, other 10%, unspecified 2.5% (2001 census) Nauru Nauruan (official, a distinct Pacific Island language), English widely understood, spoken, and used for most government and commercial purposes Suriname Dutch (official), English (widely spoken), Sranang Tongo (Surinamese, sometimes called Taki-Taki, is native language of Creoles and much of the younger population and is lingua franca among others), Hindustani (a dialect of Hindi), Javanese Netherlands Antilles Papiamento 65.4% (a Spanish-Portuguese-Dutch-English dialect), English 15.9% (widely spoken), Dutch 7.3% (official), Spanish 6.1%, Creole 1.6%, other 1.9%, unspecified 1.8% (2001 census) Nicaragua Spanish 97.5% (official), Miskito 1.7%, other 0.8% (1995 census) New Zealand English (official), Maori (official) Southern Ocean Paraguay Spanish (official), Guarani (official) Pitcairn Islands English (official), Pitcairnese (mixture of an 18th century English dialect and a Tahitian dialect) Peru Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara, and a large number of minor Amazonian languages Paracel Islands Spratly Islands Pakistan Punjabi 48%, Sindhi 12%, Siraiki (a Punjabi variant) 10%, Pashtu 8%, Urdu (official) 8%, Balochi 3%, Hindko 2%, Brahui 1%, English (official and lingua franca of Pakistani elite and most government ministries), Burushaski, and other 8% Poland Polish 97.8%, other and unspecified 2.2% (2002 census) Panama Spanish (official), English 14%; note - many Panamanians bilingual Portugal Portuguese (official), Mirandese (official - but locally used) Papua New Guinea Melanesian Pidgin serves as the lingua franca, English spoken by 1%-2%, Motu spoken in Papua region Palau Palauan 64.7% official in all islands except Sonsoral (Sonsoralese and English are official), Tobi (Tobi and English are official), and Angaur (Angaur, Japanese, and English are official), Filipino 13.5%, English 9.4%, Chinese 5.7%, Carolinian 1.5%, Japanese 1.5%, other Asian 2.3%, other languages 1.5% (2000 census) Guinea-Bissau Portuguese (official), Crioulo, African languages Qatar Arabic (official), English commonly used as a second language Reunion French (official), Creole widely used Marshall Islands Marshallese 98.2%, other languages 1.8% (1999 census) Romania Romanian (official), Hungarian, German Philippines two official languages - Filipino (based on Tagalog) and English; eight major dialects - Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, Hiligaynon or Ilonggo, Bicol, Waray, Pampango, and Pangasinan Puerto Rico Spanish, English Russia Russian, many minority languages Rwanda Kinyarwanda (official) universal Bantu vernacular, French (official), English (official), Kiswahili (Swahili) used in commercial centers Saudi Arabia Arabic Saint Pierre and Miquelon French (official) Saint Kitts and Nevis English Seychelles Creole 91.8%, English 4.9% (official), other 3.1%, unspecified 0.2% (2002 census) South Africa IsiZulu 23.8%, IsiXhosa 17.6%, Afrikaans 13.3%, Sepedi 9.4%, English 8.2%, Setswana 8.2%, Sesotho 7.9%, Xitsonga 4.4%, other 7.2% (2001 census) Senegal French (official), Wolof, Pulaar, Jola, Mandinka Saint Helena English Slovenia Slovenian 91.1%, Serbo-Croatian 4.5%, other or unspecified 4.4% (2002 census) Sierra Leone English (official, regular use limited to literate minority), Mende (principal vernacular in the south), Temne (principal vernacular in the north), Krio (English-based Creole, spoken by the descendants of freed Jamaican slaves who were settled in the Freetown area, a lingua franca and a first language for 10% of the population but understood by 95%) San Marino Italian Singapore Mandarin 35%, English 23%, Malay 14.1%, Hokkien 11.4%, Cantonese 5.7%, Teochew 4.9%, Tamil 3.2%, other Chinese dialects 1.8%, other 0.9% (2000 census) Somalia Somali (official), Arabic, Italian, English Spain Castilian Spanish 74%, Catalan 17%, Galician 7%, Basque 2%; note - Castilian is the official language nationwide; the other languages are official regionally Saint Lucia English (official), French patois Sudan Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, Sudanic languages, English Svalbard Norwegian, Russian Sweden Swedish, small Sami- and Finnish-speaking minorities South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Syria Arabic (official); Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian widely understood; French, English somewhat understood Switzerland German (official) 63.7%, French (official) 20.4%, Italian (official) 6.5%, Serbo-Croatian 1.5%, Albanian 1.3%, Portuguese 1.2%, Spanish 1.1%, English 1%, Romansch 0.5%, other 2.8% (2000 census) Trinidad and Tobago English (official), Hindi, French, Spanish, Chinese Tromelin Island Thailand Thai, English (secondary language of the elite), ethnic and regional dialects Tajikistan Tajik (official), Russian widely used in government and business Turks and Caicos Islands English (official) Tokelau Tokelauan (a Polynesian language), English Tonga Tongan, English Togo French (official and the language of commerce), Ewe and Mina (the two major African languages in the south), Kabye (sometimes spelled Kabiye) and Dagomba (the two major African languages in the north) Sao Tome and Principe Portuguese (official) Tunisia Arabic (official and one of the languages of commerce), French (commerce) East Timor Tetum (official), Portuguese (official), Indonesian, English Turkey Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic, Armenian, Greek Tuvalu Tuvaluan, English, Samoan, Kiribati (on the island of Nui) Taiwan Mandarin Chinese (official), Taiwanese (Min), Hakka dialects Turkmenistan Turkmen 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7% Tanzania Kiswahili or Swahili (official), Kiunguja (name for Swahili in Zanzibar), English (official, primary language of commerce, administration, and higher education), Arabic (widely spoken in Zanzibar), many local languages Uganda English (official national language, taught in grade schools, used in courts of law and by most newspapers and some radio broadcasts), Ganda or Luganda (most widely used of the Niger-Congo languages, preferred for native language publications in the capital and may be taught in school), other Niger-Congo languages, Nilo-Saharan languages, Swahili, Arabic United Kingdom English, Welsh (about 26% of the population of Wales), Scottish form of Gaelic (about 60,000 in Scotland) Ukraine Ukrainian (official) 67%, Russian 24%; small Romanian-, Polish-, and Hungarian-speaking minorities United States English 82.1%, Spanish 10.7%, other Indo-European 3.8%, Asian and Pacific island 2.7%, other 0.7% (2000 census) Burkina Faso French (official), native African languages belonging to Sudanic family spoken by 90% of the population Uruguay Spanish, Portunol, or Brazilero (Portuguese-Spanish mix on the Brazilian frontier) Uzbekistan Uzbek 74.3%, Russian 14.2%, Tajik 4.4%, other 7.1% Saint Vincent and the Grenadines English, French patois Venezuela Spanish (official), numerous indigenous dialects British Virgin Islands English (official) Vietnam Vietnamese (official), English (increasingly favored as a second language), some French, Chinese, and Khmer; mountain area languages (Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian) Virgin Islands English 74.7%, Spanish or Spanish Creole 16.8%, French or French Creole 6.6%, other 1.9% (2000 census) Holy See (Vatican City) Italian, Latin, French, various other languages Namibia English 7% (official), Afrikaans common language of most of the population and about 60% of the white population, German 32%, indigenous languages: Oshivambo, Herero, Nama West Bank Arabic, Hebrew (spoken by Israeli settlers and many Palestinians), English (widely understood) Wallis and Futuna Wallisian 58.9% (indigenous Polynesian language), Futunian 30.1%, French 10.8%, other 0.2% (2003 census) Western Sahara Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan Arabic Wake Island Samoa Samoan (Polynesian), English Swaziland English (official, government business conducted in English), siSwati (official) Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean World Chinese, Mandarin 13.69%, Spanish 5.05%, English 4.84%, Hindi 2.82%, Portuguese 2.77%, Bengali 2.68%, Russian 2.27%, Japanese 1.99%, German, Standard 1.49%, Chinese, Wu 1.21% (2004 est.) Serbia and Montenegro Serbian 95%, Albanian 5% Yemen Arabic Zambia English (official), major vernaculars - Bemba, Kaonda, Lozi, Lunda, Luvale, Nyanja, Tonga, and about 70 other indigenous languages Atlantic Ocean Zimbabwe English (official), Shona, Sindebele (the language of the Ndebele, sometimes called Ndebele), numerous but minor tribal dialects Pacific Ocean Cote d'Ivoire French (official), 60 native dialects with Dioula the most widely spoken Aruba Dutch (official), Papiamento (a Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, English dialect), English (widely spoken), Spanish Antigua and Barbuda English (official), local dialects United Arab Emirates Arabic (official), Persian, English, Hindi, Urdu Afghanistan Pashtu (official) 35%, Afghan Persian (Dari) 50%, Turkic languages (primarily Uzbek and Turkmen) 11%, 30 minor languages (primarily Balochi and Pashai) 4%, much bilingualism Algeria Arabic (official), French, Berber dialects Azerbaijan Azerbaijani (Azeri) 89%, Russian 3%, Armenian 2%, other 6% (1995 est.) Albania Albanian (official - derived from Tosk dialect), Greek, Vlach, Romani, Slavic dialects Armenia Armenian 96%, Russian 2%, other 2% Andorra Catalan (official), French, Castilian, Portuguese Angola Portuguese (official), Bantu and other African languages American Samoa Samoan (closely related to Hawaiian and other Polynesian languages), English Argentina Spanish (official), English, Italian, German, French Australia English, native languages Ashmore and Cartier Islands Austria German (official nationwide), Slovene (official in Carinthia), Croatian (official in Burgenland), Hungarian (official in Burgenland) Anguilla English (official) Akrotiri Antarctica Bahrain Arabic, English, Farsi, Urdu Barbados English Botswana English (official), Setswana Bermuda English (official), Portuguese Belgium Dutch (official) 60%, French (official) 40%, German (official) less than 1%, legally bilingual (Dutch and French) Bahamas, The English (official), Creole (among Haitian immigrants) Bangladesh Bangla (official, also known as Bengali), English Belize English (official), Spanish, Mayan, Garifuna (Carib), Creole Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian Bolivia Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara (official) Burma Burmese, minority ethnic groups have their own languages Benin French (official), Fon and Yoruba (most common vernaculars in south), tribal languages (at least six major ones in north) Belarus Belarusian, Russian, other Solomon Islands Melanesian pidgin in much of the country is lingua franca; English is official but spoken by only 1%-2% of the population Navassa Island Brazil Portuguese (official), Spanish, English, French Bassas da India Bhutan Dzongkha (official), Bhotes speak various Tibetan dialects, Nepalese speak various Nepalese dialects Bulgaria Bulgarian, secondary languages closely correspond to ethnic breakdown Bouvet Island Brunei Malay (official), English, Chinese Burundi Kirundi (official), French (official), Swahili (along Lake Tanganyika and in the Bujumbura area) Canada English 59.3% (official), French 23.2% (official), other 17.5% Cambodia Khmer (official) 95%, French, English Chad French (official), Arabic (official), Sara (in south), more than 120 different languages and dialects Sri Lanka Sinhala (official and national language) 74%, Tamil (national language) 18%, other 8% Congo, Republic of the French (official), Lingala and Monokutuba (lingua franca trade languages), many local languages and dialects (of which Kikongo is the most widespread) Congo, Democratic Republic of the French (official), Lingala (a lingua franca trade language), Kingwana (a dialect of Kiswahili or Swahili), Kikongo, Tshiluba China Standard Chinese or Mandarin (Putonghua, based on the Beijing dialect), Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghaiese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, minority languages (see Ethnic groups entry) Chile Spanish Cayman Islands English Cocos (Keeling) Islands Malay (Cocos dialect), English Cameroon 24 major African language groups, English (official), French (official) Comoros Arabic (official), French (official), Shikomoro (a blend of Swahili and Arabic) Colombia Spanish Northern Mariana Islands English, Chamorro, Carolinian Coral Sea Islands Costa Rica Spanish (official), English Central African Republic French (official), Sangho (lingua franca and national language), tribal languages Cuba Spanish Cape Verde Portuguese, Crioulo (a blend of Portuguese and West African words) Cook Islands English (official), Maori Cyprus Greek, Turkish, English Denmark Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic (an Inuit dialect), German (small minority) Djibouti French (official), Arabic (official), Somali, Afar Dominica English (official), French patois Jarvis Island Dominican Republic Spanish Dhekelia Ecuador Spanish (official), Amerindian languages (especially Quechua) European Union Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Maltese, Polish, Portuguese, Slovak, Slovene, Spanish, Swedish; note - only official languages are listed Egypt Arabic (official), English and French widely understood by educated classes Ireland English is the language generally used, Irish (Gaelic or Gaeilge) spoken mainly in areas located along the western seaboard Equatorial Guinea Spanish (official), French (official), pidgin English, Fang, Bubi, Ibo Estonia Estonian (official), Russian, Ukrainian, Finnish, other Eritrea Afar, Arabic, Tigre and Kunama, Tigrinya, other Cushitic languages El Salvador Spanish, Nahua (among some Amerindians) Ethiopia Amharic, Tigrinya, Oromigna, Guaragigna, Somali, Arabic, other local languages, English (major foreign language taught in schools) Europa Island Czech Republic Czech French Guiana French Finland Finnish 93.4% (official), Swedish 5.9% (official), small Sami- and Russian-speaking minorities Fiji English (official), Fijian, Hindustani Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) English Micronesia, Federated States of English (official and common language), Trukese, Pohnpeian, Yapese, Kosrean, Ulithian, Woleaian, Nukuoro, Kapingamarangi Faroe Islands Faroese (derived from Old Norse), Danish French Polynesia French (official), Tahitian (official) Baker Island France French 100%, rapidly declining regional dialects and languages (Provencal, Breton, Alsatian, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish) French Southern and Antarctic Lands Gambia, The English (official), Mandinka, Wolof, Fula, other indigenous vernaculars Gabon French (official), Fang, Myene, Nzebi, Bapounou/Eschira, Bandjabi Georgia Georgian 71% (official), Russian 9%, Armenian 7%, Azeri 6%, other 7% Ghana English (official), African languages (including Akan, Moshi-Dagomba, Ewe, and Ga) Gibraltar English (used in schools and for official purposes), Spanish, Italian, Portuguese Grenada English (official), French patois Guernsey English, French, Norman-French dialect spoken in country districts Greenland Greenlandic (East Inuit), Danish, English Germany German Glorioso Islands Guadeloupe French (official) 99%, Creole patois Guam English, Chamorro, Japanese Greece Greek 99% (official), English, French Guatemala Spanish 60%, Amerindian languages 40% (23 officially recognized Amerindian languages, including Quiche, Cakchiquel, Kekchi, Mam, Garifuna, and Xinca) Guinea French (official), each ethnic group has its own language Guyana English, Amerindian dialects, Creole, Hindi, Urdu Gaza Strip Arabic, Hebrew (spoken by Israeli settlers and many Palestinians), English (widely understood) Haiti French (official), Creole (official) Hong Kong Chinese (Cantonese), English; both are official Heard Island and McDonald Islands Honduras Spanish, Amerindian dialects Howland Island Croatia Croatian 96%, other 4% (including Italian, Hungarian, Czech, Slovak, and German) Hungary Hungarian 98.2%, other 1.8% Iceland Icelandic, English, Nordic languages, German widely spoken Indonesia Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects, the most widely spoken of which is Javanese Man, Isle of English, Manx Gaelic India English enjoys associate status but is the most important language for national, political, and commercial communication; Hindi is the national language and primary tongue of 30% of the people; there are 14 other official languages: Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese, Kashmiri, Sindhi, and Sanskrit; Hindustani is a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu spoken widely throughout northern India but is not an official language British Indian Ocean Territory Clipperton Island Iran Persian and Persian dialects 58%, Turkic and Turkic dialects 26%, Kurdish 9%, Luri 2%, Balochi 1%, Arabic 1%, Turkish 1%, other 2% Israel Hebrew (official), Arabic used officially for Arab minority, English most commonly used foreign language Italy Italian (official), German (parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region are predominantly German speaking), French (small French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aosta region), Slovene (Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area) Cote d'Ivoire French (official), 60 native dialects with Dioula the most widely spoken Iraq Arabic, Kurdish (official in Kurdish regions), Assyrian, Armenian Japan Japanese Jersey English (official), French (official), Norman-French dialect spoken in country districts Jamaica English, patois English Jan Mayen Jordan Arabic (official), English widely understood among upper and middle classes Johnston Atoll Juan de Nova Island Kenya English (official), Kiswahili (official), numerous indigenous languages Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz - official language, Russian - official language Korea, North Korean Kingman Reef Kiribati I-Kiribati, English (official) Korea, South Korean, English widely taught in junior high and high school Christmas Island English (official), Chinese, Malay Kuwait Arabic (official), English widely spoken Kazakhstan Kazakh (Qazaq, state language) 64.4%, Russian (official, used in everyday business, designated the "language of interethnic communication") 95% (2001 est.) Laos Lao (official), French, English, and various ethnic languages Lebanon Arabic (official), French, English, Armenian Latvia Latvian (official), Lithuanian, Russian, other Lithuania Lithuanian (official), Polish, Russian Liberia English 20% (official), some 20 ethnic group languages, of which a few can be written and are used in correspondence Slovakia Slovak (official), Hungarian Palmyra Atoll Liechtenstein German (official), Alemannic dialect Lesotho Sesotho (southern Sotho), English (official), Zulu, Xhosa Luxembourg Luxembourgish (national language), German (administrative language), French (administrative language) Libya Arabic, Italian, English, all are widely understood in the major cities Madagascar French (official), Malagasy (official) Martinique French, Creole patois Macau Portuguese, Chinese (Cantonese) Moldova Moldovan (official, virtually the same as the Romanian language), Russian, Gagauz (a Turkish dialect) Mayotte Mahorian (a Swahili dialect), French (official language) spoken by 35% of the population Mongolia Khalkha Mongol 90%, Turkic, Russian (1999) Montserrat English Malawi English (official), Chichewa (official), other languages important regionally Macedonia Macedonian 68%, Albanian 25%, Turkish 3%, Serbo-Croatian 2%, other 2% Mali French (official), Bambara 80%, numerous African languages Monaco French (official), English, Italian, Monegasque Morocco Arabic (official), Berber dialects, French often the language of business, government, and diplomacy Mauritius English (official), Creole, French (official), Hindi, Urdu, Hakka, Bhojpuri Midway Islands Mauritania Arabic (official), Pulaar, Soninke, French, Hassaniya, Wolof Malta Maltese (official), English (official) Oman Arabic (official), English, Baluchi, Urdu, Indian dialects Maldives Maldivian Dhivehi (dialect of Sinhala, script derived from Arabic), English spoken by most government officials Mexico Spanish, various Mayan, Nahuatl, and other regional indigenous languages Malaysia Bahasa Melayu (official), English, Chinese dialects (Cantonese, Mandarin, Hokkien, Hakka, Hainan, Foochow), Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Panjabi, Thai; note - in addition, in East Malaysia several indigenous languages are spoken, the largest are Iban and Kadazan Mozambique Makhuwa, Tsonga, Lomwe, Sena, numerous other indigenous languages, Portuguese (official; spoken by 27% of population as a second language) New Caledonia French (official), 33 Melanesian-Polynesian dialects Niue Niuean, a Polynesian language closely related to Tongan and Samoan; English Norfolk Island English (official), Norfolk a mixture of 18th century English and ancient Tahitian Niger French (official), Hausa, Djerma Vanuatu three official languages: English, French, pidgin (known as Bislama or Bichelama), plus more than 100 local languages Nigeria English (official), Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo (Ibo), Fulani Netherlands Dutch (official language), Frisian (official language) Norway Bokmal Norwegian (official), Nynorsk Norwegian (official) Nepal Nepali (official; spoken by 90% of the population), about a dozen other languages and about 30 major dialects; note - many in government and business also speak English (1995) Nauru Nauruan (official, a distinct Pacific Island language), English widely understood, spoken, and used for most government and commercial purposes Suriname Dutch (official), English (widely spoken), Sranang Tongo (Surinamese, sometimes called Taki-Taki, is native language of Creoles and much of the younger population and is lingua franca among others), Hindustani (a dialect of Hindi), Javanese Netherlands Antilles Dutch (official), Papiamento (a Spanish-Portuguese-Dutch-English dialect) predominates, English widely spoken, Spanish Nicaragua Spanish (official) New Zealand English (official), Maori (official) Southern Ocean Paraguay Spanish (official), Guarani (official) Pitcairn Islands English (official), Pitcairnese (mixture of an 18th century English dialect and a Tahitian dialect) Peru Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara, and a large number of minor Amazonian languages Paracel Islands Spratly Islands Pakistan Punjabi 48%, Sindhi 12%, Siraiki (a Punjabi variant) 10%, Pashtu 8%, Urdu (official) 8%, Balochi 3%, Hindko 2%, Brahui 1%, English (official and lingua franca of Pakistani elite and most government ministries), Burushaski, and other 8% Poland Polish Panama Spanish (official), English 14% Portugal Portuguese (official), Mirandese (official - but locally used) Papua New Guinea Melanesian Pidgin serves as the lingua franca, English spoken by 1%-2%, Motu spoken in Papua region Palau English and Palauan official in all states except Sonsoral (Sonsoralese and English are official), Tobi (Tobi and English are official), and Angaur (Angaur, Japanese, and English are official) Guinea-Bissau Portuguese (official), Crioulo, African languages Qatar Arabic (official), English commonly used as a second language Reunion French (official), Creole widely used Marshall Islands English (widely spoken as a second language, both English and Marshallese are official languages), two major Marshallese dialects from the Malayo-Polynesian family, Japanese Romania Romanian (official), Hungarian, German Philippines two official languages - Filipino (based on Tagalog) and English; eight major dialects - Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocan, Hiligaynon or Ilonggo, Bicol, Waray, Pampango, and Pangasinense Puerto Rico Spanish, English Russia Russian, other Rwanda Kinyarwanda (official) universal Bantu vernacular, French (official), English (official), Kiswahili (Swahili) used in commercial centers Saudi Arabia Arabic Saint Pierre and Miquelon French (official) Saint Kitts and Nevis English Seychelles English (official), French (official), Creole South Africa 11 official languages, including Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Pedi, Sotho, Swazi, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu Senegal French (official), Wolof, Pulaar, Jola, Mandinka Saint Helena English Slovenia Slovenian 92%, Serbo-Croatian 6.2%, other 1.8% Sierra Leone English (official, regular use limited to literate minority), Mende (principal vernacular in the south), Temne (principal vernacular in the north), Krio (English-based Creole, spoken by the descendants of freed Jamaican slaves who were settled in the Freetown area, a lingua franca and a first language for 10% of the population but understood by 95%) San Marino Italian Singapore Chinese (official), Malay (official and national), Tamil (official), English (official) Somalia Somali (official), Arabic, Italian, English Spain Castilian Spanish 74%, Catalan 17%, Galician 7%, Basque 2% Saint Lucia English (official), French patois Sudan Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, Sudanic languages, English Svalbard Norwegian, Russian Sweden Swedish South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Syria Arabic (official); Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian widely understood; French, English somewhat understood Switzerland German (official) 63.7%, French (official) 19.2%, Italian (official) 7.6%, Romansch (official) 0.6%, other 8.9% Trinidad and Tobago English (official), Hindi, French, Spanish, Chinese Tromelin Island Thailand Thai, English (secondary language of the elite), ethnic and regional dialects Tajikistan Tajik (official), Russian widely used in government and business Turks and Caicos Islands English (official) Tokelau Tokelauan (a Polynesian language), English Tonga Tongan, English Togo French (official and the language of commerce), Ewe and Mina (the two major African languages in the south), Kabye (sometimes spelled Kabiye) and Dagomba (the two major African languages in the north) Sao Tome and Principe Portuguese (official) Tunisia Arabic (official and one of the languages of commerce), French (commerce) East Timor Tetum (official), Portuguese (official), Indonesian, English Turkey Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic, Armenian, Greek Tuvalu Tuvaluan, English, Samoan, Kiribati (on the island of Nui) Taiwan Mandarin Chinese (official), Taiwanese (Min), Hakka dialects Turkmenistan Turkmen 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7% Tanzania Kiswahili or Swahili (official), Kiunguju (name for Swahili in Zanzibar), English (official, primary language of commerce, administration, and higher education), Arabic (widely spoken in Zanzibar), many local languages Uganda English (official national language, taught in grade schools, used in courts of law and by most newspapers and some radio broadcasts), Ganda or Luganda (most widely used of the Niger-Congo languages, preferred for native language publications in the capital and may be taught in school), other Niger-Congo languages, Nilo-Saharan languages, Swahili, Arabic United Kingdom English, Welsh (about 26% of the population of Wales), Scottish form of Gaelic (about 60,000 in Scotland) Ukraine Ukrainian, Russian, Romanian, Polish, Hungarian United States English, Spanish (spoken by a sizable minority) Burkina Faso French (official), native African languages belonging to Sudanic family spoken by 90% of the population Uruguay Spanish, Portunol, or Brazilero (Portuguese-Spanish mix on the Brazilian frontier) Uzbekistan Uzbek 74.3%, Russian 14.2%, Tajik 4.4%, other 7.1% Saint Vincent and the Grenadines English, French patois Venezuela Spanish (official), numerous indigenous dialects British Virgin Islands English (official) Vietnam Vietnamese (official), English (increasingly favored as a second language), some French, Chinese, and Khmer; mountain area languages (Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian) Virgin Islands English (official), Spanish, Creole Holy See (Vatican City) Italian, Latin, French, various other languages Namibia English 7% (official), Afrikaans common language of most of the population and about 60% of the white population, German 32%, indigenous languages: Oshivambo, Herero, Nama West Bank Arabic, Hebrew (spoken by Israeli settlers and many Palestinians), English (widely understood) Wallis and Futuna French, Wallisian (indigenous Polynesian language) Western Sahara Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan Arabic Wake Island Samoa Samoan (Polynesian), English Swaziland English (official, government business conducted in English), siSwati (official) Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean World Chinese, Mandarin 14.37%, Hindi 6.02%, English 5.61%, Spanish 5.59%, Bengali 3.4%, Portuguese 2.63%, Russian 2.75%, Japanese 2.06%, German, Standard 1.64%, Korean 1.28%, French 1.27% (2000 est.) Serbia and Montenegro Serbian 95%, Albanian 5% Yemen Arabic Zambia English (official), major vernaculars - Bemba, Kaonda, Lozi, Lunda, Luvale, Nyanja, Tonga, and about 70 other indigenous languages Atlantic Ocean Zimbabwe English (official), Shona, Sindebele (the language of the Ndebele, sometimes called Ndebele), numerous but minor tribal dialects Pacific Ocean Aruba Dutch (official), Papiamento (a Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, English dialect), English (widely spoken), Spanish Antigua and Barbuda English (official), local dialects Afghanistan Pashtu 35%, Afghan Persian (Dari) 50%, Turkic languages (primarily Uzbek and Turkmen) 11%, 30 minor languages (primarily Balochi and Pashai) 4%, much bilingualism Algeria Arabic (official), French, Berber dialects Azerbaijan Azerbaijani (Azeri) 89%, Russian 3%, Armenian 2%, other 6% (1995 est.) Albania Albanian (Tosk is the official dialect), Greek Armenia Armenian 96%, Russian 2%, other 2% Andorra Catalan (official), French, Castilian, Portuguese Angola Portuguese (official), Bantu and other African languages American Samoa Samoan (closely related to Hawaiian and other Polynesian languages), English Argentina Spanish (official), English, Italian, German, French Australia English, native languages Ashmore and Cartier Islands Austria German Anguilla English (official) Antarctica Bahrain Arabic, English, Farsi, Urdu Barbados English Botswana English (official), Setswana Bermuda English (official), Portuguese Belgium Dutch (official) 60%, French (official) 40%, German (official) less than 1%, legally bilingual (Dutch and French) Bahamas, The English (official), Creole (among Haitian immigrants) Bangladesh Bangla (official, also known as Bengali), English Belize English (official), Spanish, Mayan, Garifuna (Carib), Creole Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian Bolivia Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara (official) Burma Burmese, minority ethnic groups have their own languages Benin French (official), Fon and Yoruba (most common vernaculars in south), tribal languages (at least six major ones in north) Belarus Belarusian, Russian, other Solomon Islands Melanesian pidgin in much of the country is lingua franca; English is official but spoken by only 1%-2% of the population Navassa Island Brazil Portuguese (official), Spanish, English, French Bassas da India Bhutan Dzongkha (official), Bhotes speak various Tibetan dialects, Nepalese speak various Nepalese dialects Bulgaria Bulgarian, secondary languages closely correspond to ethnic breakdown Bouvet Island Brunei Malay (official), English, Chinese Burundi Kirundi (official), French (official), Swahili (along Lake Tanganyika and in the Bujumbura area) Canada English 59.3% (official), French 23.2% (official), other 17.5% Cambodia Khmer (official) 95%, French, English Chad French (official), Arabic (official), Sara (in south), more than 120 different languages and dialects Sri Lanka Sinhala (official and national language) 74%, Tamil (national language) 18%, other 8% Congo, Republic of the French (official), Lingala and Monokutuba (lingua franca trade languages), many local languages and dialects (of which Kikongo has the most users) Congo, Democratic Republic of the French (official), Lingala (a lingua franca trade language), Kingwana (a dialect of Kiswahili or Swahili), Kikongo, Tshiluba China Standard Chinese or Mandarin (Putonghua, based on the Beijing dialect), Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghaiese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, minority languages (see Ethnic groups entry) Chile Spanish Cayman Islands English Cocos (Keeling) Islands Malay (Cocos dialect), English Cameroon 24 major African language groups, English (official), French (official) Comoros Arabic (official), French (official), Shikomoro (a blend of Swahili and Arabic) Colombia Spanish Northern Mariana Islands English, Chamorro, Carolinian Coral Sea Islands Costa Rica Spanish (official), English Central African Republic French (official), Sangho (lingua franca and national language), tribal languages Cuba Spanish Cape Verde Portuguese, Crioulo (a blend of Portuguese and West African words) Cook Islands English (official), Maori Cyprus Greek, Turkish, English Denmark Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic (an Inuit dialect), German (small minority) Djibouti French (official), Arabic (official), Somali, Afar Dominica English (official), French patois Jarvis Island Dominican Republic Spanish Ecuador Spanish (official), Amerindian languages (especially Quechua) Egypt Arabic (official), English and French widely understood by educated classes Ireland English is the language generally used, Irish (Gaelic) spoken mainly in areas located along the western seaboard Equatorial Guinea Spanish (official), French (official), pidgin English, Fang, Bubi, Ibo Estonia Estonian (official), Russian, Ukrainian, Finnish, other Eritrea Afar, Arabic, Tigre and Kunama, Tigrinya, other Cushitic languages El Salvador Spanish, Nahua (among some Amerindians) Ethiopia Amharic, Tigrinya, Oromigna, Guaragigna, Somali, Arabic, other local languages, English (major foreign language taught in schools) Europa Island Czech Republic Czech French Guiana French Finland Finnish 93.4% (official), Swedish 5.9% (official), small Sami- and Russian-speaking minorities Fiji English (official), Fijian, Hindustani Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) English Micronesia, Federated States of English (official and common language), Trukese, Pohnpeian, Yapese, Kosrean, Ulithian, Woleaian, Nukuoro, Kapingamarangi Faroe Islands Faroese (derived from Old Norse), Danish French Polynesia French (official), Tahitian (official) Baker Island France French 100%, rapidly declining regional dialects and languages (Provencal, Breton, Alsatian, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish) French Southern and Antarctic Lands Gambia, The English (official), Mandinka, Wolof, Fula, other indigenous vernaculars Gabon French (official), Fang, Myene, Nzebi, Bapounou/Eschira, Bandjabi Georgia Georgian 71% (official), Russian 9%, Armenian 7%, Azeri 6%, other 7% Ghana English (official), African languages (including Akan, Moshi-Dagomba, Ewe, and Ga) Gibraltar English (used in schools and for official purposes), Spanish, Italian, Portuguese Grenada English (official), French patois Guernsey English, French, Norman-French dialect spoken in country districts Greenland Greenlandic (East Inuit), Danish, English Germany German Glorioso Islands Guadeloupe French (official) 99%, Creole patois Guam English, Chamorro, Japanese Greece Greek 99% (official), English, French Guatemala Spanish 60%, Amerindian languages 40% (23 officially recognized Amerindian languages, including Quiche, Cakchiquel, Kekchi, Mam, Garifuna, and Xinca) Guinea French (official), each ethnic group has its own language Guyana English, Amerindian dialects, Creole, Hindi, Urdu Gaza Strip Arabic, Hebrew (spoken by Israeli settlers and many Palestinians), English (widely understood) Haiti French (official), Creole (official) Hong Kong Chinese (Cantonese), English; both are official Heard Island and McDonald Islands Honduras Spanish, Amerindian dialects Howland Island Croatia Croatian 96%, other 4% (including Italian, Hungarian, Czech, Slovak, and German) Hungary Hungarian 98.2%, other 1.8% Iceland Icelandic, English, Nordic languages, German widely spoken Indonesia Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects, the most widely spoken of which is Javanese Man, Isle of English, Manx Gaelic India English enjoys associate status but is the most important language for national, political, and commercial communication; Hindi is the national language and primary tongue of 30% of the people; there are 14 other official languages: Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese, Kashmiri, Sindhi, and Sanskrit; Hindustani is a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu spoken widely throughout northern India but is not an official language British Indian Ocean Territory Clipperton Island Iran Persian and Persian dialects 58%, Turkic and Turkic dialects 26%, Kurdish 9%, Luri 2%, Balochi 1%, Arabic 1%, Turkish 1%, other 2% Israel Hebrew (official), Arabic used officially for Arab minority, English most commonly used foreign language Italy Italian (official), German (parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region are predominantly German speaking), French (small French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aosta region), Slovene (Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area) Cote d'Ivoire French (official), 60 native dialects with Dioula the most widely spoken Iraq Arabic, Kurdish (official in Kurdish regions), Assyrian, Armenian Japan Japanese Jersey English (official), French (official), Norman-French dialect spoken in country districts Jamaica English, patois English Jan Mayen Jordan Arabic (official), English widely understood among upper and middle classes Johnston Atoll Juan de Nova Island Kenya English (official), Kiswahili (official), numerous indigenous languages Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz - official language, Russian - official language Korea, North Korean Kingman Reef Kiribati I-Kiribati, English (official) Korea, South Korean, English widely taught in junior high and high school Christmas Island English (official), Chinese, Malay Kuwait Arabic (official), English widely spoken Kazakhstan Kazakh (Qazaq, state language) 64.4%, Russian (official, used in everyday business, designated the "language of interethnic communication") 95% (2001 est.) Laos Lao (official), French, English, and various ethnic languages Lebanon Arabic (official), French, English, Armenian Latvia Latvian (official), Lithuanian, Russian, other Lithuania Lithuanian (official), Polish, Russian Liberia English 20% (official), some 20 ethnic group languages, of which a few can be written and are used in correspondence Slovakia Slovak (official), Hungarian Palmyra Atoll Liechtenstein German (official), Alemannic dialect Lesotho Sesotho (southern Sotho), English (official), Zulu, Xhosa Luxembourg Luxembourgish (national language), German (administrative language), French (administrative language) Libya Arabic, Italian, English, all are widely understood in the major cities Madagascar French (official), Malagasy (official) Martinique French, Creole patois Macau Portuguese, Chinese (Cantonese) Moldova Moldovan (official, virtually the same as the Romanian language), Russian, Gagauz (a Turkish dialect) Mayotte Mahorian (a Swahili dialect), French (official language) spoken by 35% of the population Mongolia Khalkha Mongol 90%, Turkic, Russian (1999) Montserrat English Malawi English (official), Chichewa (official), other languages important regionally Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonian 70%, Albanian 21%, Turkish 3%, Serbo-Croatian 3%, other 3% Mali French (official), Bambara 80%, numerous African languages Monaco French (official), English, Italian, Monegasque Morocco Arabic (official), Berber dialects, French often the language of business, government, and diplomacy Mauritius English (official), Creole, French (official), Hindi, Urdu, Hakka, Bhojpuri Midway Islands Mauritania Hassaniya Arabic (official), Pulaar, Soninke, Wolof (official), French Malta Maltese (official), English (official) Oman Arabic (official), English, Baluchi, Urdu, Indian dialects Maldives Maldivian Dhivehi (dialect of Sinhala, script derived from Arabic), English spoken by most government officials Mexico Spanish, various Mayan, Nahuatl, and other regional indigenous languages Malaysia Bahasa Melayu (official), English, Chinese dialects (Cantonese, Mandarin, Hokkien, Hakka, Hainan, Foochow), Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Panjabi, Thai; note - in addition, in East Malaysia several indigenous languages are spoken, the largest are Iban and Kadazan Mozambique Portuguese (official), indigenous dialects New Caledonia French (official), 33 Melanesian-Polynesian dialects Niue Niuean, a Polynesian language closely related to Tongan and Samoan; English Norfolk Island English (official), Norfolk a mixture of 18th century English and ancient Tahitian Niger French (official), Hausa, Djerma Vanuatu three official languages: English, French, pidgin (known as Bislama or Bichelama), plus more than 100 local languages Nigeria English (official), Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo (Ibo), Fulani Netherlands Dutch (official language), Frisian (official language) Norway Norwegian (official) Nepal Nepali (official; spoken by 90% of the population), about a dozen other languages and about 30 major dialects; note - many in government and business also speak English (1995) Nauru Nauruan (official, a distinct Pacific Island language), English widely understood, spoken, and used for most government and commercial purposes Suriname Dutch (official), English (widely spoken), Sranang Tongo (Surinamese, sometimes called Taki-Taki, is native language of Creoles and much of the younger population and is lingua franca among others), Hindustani (a dialect of Hindi), Javanese Netherlands Antilles Dutch (official), Papiamento (a Spanish-Portuguese-Dutch-English dialect) predominates, English widely spoken, Spanish Nicaragua Spanish (official) New Zealand English (official), Maori (official) Southern Ocean Paraguay Spanish (official), Guarani (official) Pitcairn Islands English (official), Pitcairnese (mixture of an 18th century English dialect and a Tahitian dialect) Peru Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara Paracel Islands Spratly Islands Pakistan Punjabi 48%, Sindhi 12%, Siraiki (a Punjabi variant) 10%, Pashtu 8%, Urdu (official) 8%, Balochi 3%, Hindko 2%, Brahui 1%, English (official and lingua franca of Pakistani elite and most government ministries), Burushaski, and other 8% Poland Polish Panama Spanish (official), English 14% Portugal Portuguese (official), Mirandese (official - but locally used) Papua New Guinea English spoken by 1%-2%, pidgin English widespread, Motu spoken in Papua region Palau English and Palauan official in all states except Sonsoral (Sonsoralese and English are official), Tobi (Tobi and English are official), and Angaur (Angaur, Japanese, and English are official) Guinea-Bissau Portuguese (official), Crioulo, African languages Qatar Arabic (official), English commonly used as a second language Reunion French (official), Creole widely used Marshall Islands English (widely spoken as a second language, both English and Marshallese are official languages), two major Marshallese dialects from the Malayo-Polynesian family, Japanese Romania Romanian (official), Hungarian, German Philippines two official languages - Filipino (based on Tagalog) and English; eight major dialects - Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocan, Hiligaynon or Ilonggo, Bicol, Waray, Pampango, and Pangasinense Puerto Rico Spanish, English Russia Russian, other Rwanda Kinyarwanda (official) universal Bantu vernacular, French (official), English (official), Kiswahili (Swahili) used in commercial centers Saudi Arabia Arabic Saint Pierre and Miquelon French (official) Saint Kitts and Nevis English Seychelles English (official), French (official), Creole South Africa 11 official languages, including Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Pedi, Sotho, Swazi, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu Senegal French (official), Wolof, Pulaar, Jola, Mandinka Saint Helena English Slovenia Slovenian 91%, Serbo-Croatian 6%, other 3% Sierra Leone English (official, regular use limited to literate minority), Mende (principal vernacular in the south), Temne (principal vernacular in the north), Krio (English-based Creole, spoken by the descendants of freed Jamaican slaves who were settled in the Freetown area, a lingua franca and a first language for 10% of the population but understood by 95%) San Marino Italian Singapore Chinese (official), Malay (official and national), Tamil (official), English (official) Somalia Somali (official), Arabic, Italian, English Spain Castilian Spanish 74%, Catalan 17%, Galician 7%, Basque 2% Saint Lucia English (official), French patois Sudan Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, Sudanic languages, English Svalbard Russian, Norwegian Sweden Swedish South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Syria Arabic (official); Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian widely understood; French, English somewhat understood Switzerland German (official) 63.7%, French (official) 19.2%, Italian (official) 7.6%, Romansch (official) 0.6%, other 8.9% Trinidad and Tobago English (official), Hindi, French, Spanish, Chinese Tromelin Island Thailand Thai, English (secondary language of the elite), ethnic and regional dialects Tajikistan Tajik (official), Russian widely used in government and business Turks and Caicos Islands English (official) Tokelau Tokelauan (a Polynesian language), English Tonga Tongan, English Togo French (official and the language of commerce), Ewe and Mina (the two major African languages in the south), Kabye (sometimes spelled Kabiye) and Dagomba (the two major African languages in the north) Sao Tome and Principe Portuguese (official) Tunisia Arabic (official and one of the languages of commerce), French (commerce) East Timor Tetum (official), Portuguese (official), Indonesian, English Turkey Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic, Armenian, Greek Tuvalu Tuvaluan, English, Samoan, Kiribati (on the island of Nui) Taiwan Mandarin Chinese (official), Taiwanese (Min), Hakka dialects Turkmenistan Turkmen 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7% Tanzania Kiswahili or Swahili (official), Kiunguju (name for Swahili in Zanzibar), English (official, primary language of commerce, administration, and higher education), Arabic (widely spoken in Zanzibar), many local languages Uganda English (official national language, taught in grade schools, used in courts of law and by most newspapers and some radio broadcasts), Ganda or Luganda (most widely used of the Niger-Congo languages, preferred for native language publications in the capital and may be taught in school), other Niger-Congo languages, Nilo-Saharan languages, Swahili, Arabic United Kingdom English, Welsh (about 26% of the population of Wales), Scottish form of Gaelic (about 60,000 in Scotland) Ukraine Ukrainian, Russian, Romanian, Polish, Hungarian United States English, Spanish (spoken by a sizable minority) Burkina Faso French (official), native African languages belonging to Sudanic family spoken by 90% of the population Uruguay Spanish, Portunol, or Brazilero (Portuguese-Spanish mix on the Brazilian frontier) Uzbekistan Uzbek 74.3%, Russian 14.2%, Tajik 4.4%, other 7.1% Saint Vincent and the Grenadines English, French patois Venezuela Spanish (official), numerous indigenous dialects British Virgin Islands English (official) Vietnam Vietnamese (official), English (increasingly favored as a second language), some French, Chinese, and Khmer; mountain area languages (Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian) Virgin Islands English (official), Spanish, Creole Holy See (Vatican City) Italian, Latin, French, various other languages Namibia English 7% (official), Afrikaans common language of most of the population and about 60% of the white population, German 32%, indigenous languages: Oshivambo, Herero, Nama West Bank Arabic, Hebrew (spoken by Israeli settlers and many Palestinians), English (widely understood) Wallis and Futuna French, Wallisian (indigenous Polynesian language) Western Sahara Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan Arabic Wake Island Samoa Samoan (Polynesian), English Swaziland English (official, government business conducted in English), siSwati (official) Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean World Chinese, Mandarin 14.37%, Hindi 6.02%, English 5.61%, Spanish 5.59%, Bengali 3.4%, Portuguese 2.63%, Russian 2.75%, Japanese 2.06%, German, Standard 1.64%, Korean 1.28%, French 1.27% (2000 est.) Serbia and Montenegro Serbian 95%, Albanian 5% Yemen Arabic Zambia English (official), major vernaculars - Bemba, Kaonda, Lozi, Lunda, Luvale, Nyanja, Tonga, and about 70 other indigenous languages Atlantic Ocean Zimbabwe English (official), Shona, Sindebele (the language of the Ndebele, sometimes called Ndebele), numerous but minor tribal dialects Pacific Ocean Aruba Dutch (official), Papiamento (a Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, English dialect), English (widely spoken), Spanish Antigua and Barbuda English (official), local dialects Afghanistan Pashtu 35%, Afghan Persian (Dari) 50%, Turkic languages (primarily Uzbek and Turkmen) 11%, 30 minor languages (primarily Balochi and Pashai) 4%, much bilingualism Algeria Arabic (official), French, Berber dialects Azerbaijan Azerbaijani (Azeri) 89%, Russian 3%, Armenian 2%, other 6% (1995 est.) Albania Albanian (Tosk is the official dialect), Greek Armenia Armenian 96%, Russian 2%, other 2% Andorra Catalan (official), French, Castilian, Portuguese Angola Portuguese (official), Bantu and other African languages American Samoa Samoan (closely related to Hawaiian and other Polynesian languages), English Argentina Spanish (official), English, Italian, German, French Australia English, native languages Ashmore and Cartier Islands Austria German Anguilla English (official) Antarctica Bahrain Arabic, English, Farsi, Urdu Barbados English Botswana English (official), Setswana Bermuda English (official), Portuguese Belgium Dutch (official) 60%, French (official) 40%, German (official) less than 1%, legally bilingual (Dutch and French) Bahamas, The English, Creole (among Haitian immigrants) Bangladesh Bangla (official, also known as Bengali), English Belize English (official), Spanish, Mayan, Garifuna (Carib), Creole Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian Bolivia Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara (official) Burma Burmese, minority ethnic groups have their own languages Benin French (official), Fon and Yoruba (most common vernaculars in south), tribal languages (at least six major ones in north) Belarus Belarusian, Russian, other Solomon Islands Melanesian pidgin in much of the country is lingua franca; English is official but spoken by only 1%-2% of the population Navassa Island Brazil Portuguese (official), Spanish, English, French Bassas da India Bhutan Dzongkha (official), Bhotes speak various Tibetan dialects, Nepalese speak various Nepalese dialects Bulgaria Bulgarian, secondary languages closely correspond to ethnic breakdown Bouvet Island Brunei Malay (official), English, Chinese Burundi Kirundi (official), French (official), Swahili (along Lake Tanganyika and in the Bujumbura area) Canada English 59.3% (official), French 23.2% (official), other 17.5% Cambodia Khmer (official) 95%, French, English Chad French (official), Arabic (official), Sara (in south), more than 120 different languages and dialects Sri Lanka Sinhala (official and national language) 74%, Tamil (national language) 18%, other 8% Congo, Republic of the French (official), Lingala and Monokutuba (lingua franca trade languages), many local languages and dialects (of which Kikongo has the most users) Congo, Democratic Republic of the French (official), Lingala (a lingua franca trade language), Kingwana (a dialect of Kiswahili or Swahili), Kikongo, Tshiluba China Standard Chinese or Mandarin (Putonghua, based on the Beijing dialect), Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghaiese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, minority languages (see Ethnic groups entry) Chile Spanish Cayman Islands English Cocos (Keeling) Islands Malay (Cocos dialect), English Cameroon 24 major African language groups, English (official), French (official) Comoros Arabic (official), French (official), Shikomoro (a blend of Swahili and Arabic) Colombia Spanish Northern Mariana Islands English, Chamorro, Carolinian Coral Sea Islands Costa Rica Spanish (official), English spoken around Puerto Limon Central African Republic French (official), Sangho (lingua franca and national language), tribal languages Cuba Spanish Cape Verde Portuguese, Crioulo (a blend of Portuguese and West African words) Cook Islands English (official), Maori Cyprus Greek, Turkish, English Denmark Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic (an Inuit dialect), German (small minority) Djibouti French (official), Arabic (official), Somali, Afar Dominica English (official), French patois Jarvis Island Dominican Republic Spanish Ecuador Spanish (official), Amerindian languages (especially Quechua) Egypt Arabic (official), English and French widely understood by educated classes Ireland English is the language generally used, Irish (Gaelic) spoken mainly in areas located along the western seaboard Equatorial Guinea Spanish (official), French (official), pidgin English, Fang, Bubi, Ibo Estonia Estonian (official), Russian, Ukrainian, Finnish, other Eritrea Afar, Amharic, Arabic, Tigre and Kunama, Tigrinya, other Cushitic languages El Salvador Spanish, Nahua (among some Amerindians) Ethiopia Amharic, Tigrinya, Oromigna, Guaragigna, Somali, Arabic, other local languages, English (major foreign language taught in schools) Europa Island Czech Republic Czech French Guiana French Finland Finnish 93.4% (official), Swedish 5.9% (official), small Lapp- and Russian-speaking minorities Fiji English (official), Fijian, Hindustani Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) English Micronesia, Federated States of English (official and common language), Trukese, Pohnpeian, Yapese, Kosrean, Ulithian, Woleaian, Nukuoro, Kapingamarangi Faroe Islands Faroese (derived from Old Norse), Danish French Polynesia French (official), Tahitian (official) Baker Island France French 100%, rapidly declining regional dialects and languages (Provencal, Breton, Alsatian, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish) French Southern and Antarctic Lands Gambia, The English (official), Mandinka, Wolof, Fula, other indigenous vernaculars Gabon French (official), Fang, Myene, Nzebi, Bapounou/Eschira, Bandjabi Georgia Georgian 71% (official), Russian 9%, Armenian 7%, Azeri 6%, other 7% Ghana English (official), African languages (including Akan, Moshi-Dagomba, Ewe, and Ga) Gibraltar English (used in schools and for official purposes), Spanish, Italian, Portuguese Grenada English (official), French patois Guernsey English, French, Norman-French dialect spoken in country districts Greenland Greenlandic (East Inuit), Danish, English Germany German Glorioso Islands Guadeloupe French (official) 99%, Creole patois Guam English, Chamorro, Japanese Greece Greek 99% (official), English, French Guatemala Spanish 60%, Amerindian languages 40% (23 officially recognized Amerindian languages, including Quiche, Cakchiquel, Kekchi, Mam, Garifuna, and Xinca) Guinea French (official), each ethnic group has its own language Guyana English, Amerindian dialects, Creole, Hindi, Urdu Gaza Strip Arabic, Hebrew (spoken by Israeli settlers and many Palestinians), English (widely understood) Haiti French (official), Creole (official) Hong Kong Chinese (Cantonese), English; both are official Heard Island and McDonald Islands Honduras Spanish, Amerindian dialects Howland Island Croatia Croatian 96%, other 4% (including Italian, Hungarian, Czech, Slovak, and German) Hungary Hungarian 98.2%, other 1.8% Iceland Icelandic, English, Nordic languages, German widely spoken Indonesia Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects, the most widely spoken of which is Javanese Man, Isle of English, Manx Gaelic India English enjoys associate status but is the most important language for national, political, and commercial communication; Hindi is the national language and primary tongue of 30% of the people; there are 14 other official languages: Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese, Kashmiri, Sindhi, and Sanskrit; Hindustani is a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu spoken widely throughout northern India but is not an official language British Indian Ocean Territory Clipperton Island Iran Persian and Persian dialects 58%, Turkic and Turkic dialects 26%, Kurdish 9%, Luri 2%, Balochi 1%, Arabic 1%, Turkish 1%, other 2% Israel Hebrew (official), Arabic used officially for Arab minority, English most commonly used foreign language Italy Italian (official), German (parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region are predominantly German speaking), French (small French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aosta region), Slovene (Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area) Cote d'Ivoire French (official), 60 native dialects with Dioula the most widely spoken Iraq Arabic, Kurdish (official in Kurdish regions), Assyrian, Armenian Japan Japanese Jersey English (official), French (official), Norman-French dialect spoken in country districts Jamaica English, patois English Jan Mayen Jordan Arabic (official), English widely understood among upper and middle classes Johnston Atoll Juan de Nova Island Kenya English (official), Kiswahili (official), numerous indigenous languages Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz - official language, Russian - official language Korea, North Korean Kingman Reef Kiribati I-Kiribati, English (official) Korea, South Korean, English widely taught in junior high and high school Christmas Island English (official), Chinese, Malay Kuwait Arabic (official), English widely spoken Kazakhstan Kazakh (Qazaq, state language) 64.4%, Russian (official, used in everyday business, designated the "language of interethnic communication") 95% (2001 est.) Laos Lao (official), French, English, and various ethnic languages Lebanon Arabic (official), French, English, Armenian Latvia Latvian (official), Lithuanian, Russian, other Lithuania Lithuanian (official), Polish, Russian Liberia English 20% (official), some 20 ethnic group languages, of which a few can be written and are used in correspondence Slovakia Slovak (official), Hungarian Palmyra Atoll Liechtenstein German (official), Alemannic dialect Lesotho Sesotho (southern Sotho), English (official), Zulu, Xhosa Luxembourg Luxembourgish (national language), German (administrative language), French (administrative language) Libya Arabic, Italian, English, all are widely understood in the major cities Madagascar French (official), Malagasy (official) Martinique French, Creole patois Macau Portuguese, Chinese (Cantonese) Moldova Moldovan (official, virtually the same as the Romanian language), Russian (official), Gagauz (a Turkish dialect) Mayotte Mahorian (a Swahili dialect), French (official language) spoken by 35% of the population Mongolia Khalkha Mongol 90%, Turkic, Russian (1999) Montserrat English Malawi English (official), Chichewa (official), other languages important regionally Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonian 70%, Albanian 21%, Turkish 3%, Serbo-Croatian 3%, other 3% Mali French (official), Bambara 80%, numerous African languages Monaco French (official), English, Italian, Monegasque Morocco Arabic (official), Berber dialects, French often the language of business, government, and diplomacy Mauritius English (official), Creole, French (official), Hindi, Urdu, Hakka, Bhojpuri Midway Islands Mauritania Hassaniya Arabic (official), Pulaar, Soninke, Wolof (official), French Malta Maltese (official), English (official) Oman Arabic (official), English, Baluchi, Urdu, Indian dialects Maldives Maldivian Dhivehi (dialect of Sinhala, script derived from Arabic), English spoken by most government officials Mexico Spanish, various Mayan, Nahuatl, and other regional indigenous languages Malaysia Bahasa Melayu (official), English, Chinese dialects (Cantonese, Mandarin, Hokkien, Hakka, Hainan, Foochow), Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Panjabi, Thai; note - in addition, in East Malaysia several indigenous languages are spoken, the largest of which are Iban and Kadazan Mozambique Portuguese (official), indigenous dialects New Caledonia French (official), 33 Melanesian-Polynesian dialects Niue Niuean, a Polynesian language closely related to Tongan and Samoan; English Norfolk Island English (official), Norfolk a mixture of 18th century English and ancient Tahitian Niger French (official), Hausa, Djerma Vanuatu three official languages: English, French, pidgin (known as Bislama or Bichelama), plus more than 100 local languages Nigeria English (official), Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo (Ibo), Fulani Netherlands Dutch Norway Norwegian (official) Nepal Nepali (official; spoken by 90% of the population), about a dozen other languages and about 30 major dialects; note - many in government and business also speak English (1995) Nauru Nauruan (official, a distinct Pacific Island language), English widely understood, spoken, and used for most government and commercial purposes Suriname Dutch (official), English (widely spoken), Sranang Tongo (Surinamese, sometimes called Taki-Taki, is native language of Creoles and much of the younger population and is lingua franca among others), Hindustani (a dialect of Hindi), Javanese Netherlands Antilles Dutch (official), Papiamento (a Spanish-Portuguese-Dutch-English dialect) predominates, English widely spoken, Spanish Nicaragua Spanish (official) New Zealand English (official), Maori (official) Southern Ocean Paraguay Spanish (official), Guarani (official) Pitcairn Islands English (official), Pitcairnese (mixture of an 18th century English dialect and a Tahitian dialect) Peru Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara Paracel Islands Spratly Islands Pakistan Punjabi 48%, Sindhi 12%, Siraiki (a Punjabi variant) 10%, Pashtu 8%, Urdu (official) 8%, Balochi 3%, Hindko 2%, Brahui 1%, English (official and lingua franca of Pakistani elite and most government ministries), Burushaski, and other 8% Poland Polish Panama Spanish (official), English 14% Portugal Portuguese Papua New Guinea English spoken by 1%-2%, pidgin English widespread, Motu spoken in Papua region Palau English and Palauan official in all states except Sonsoral (Sonsorolese and English are official), Tobi (Tobi and English are official), and Angaur (Angaur, Japanese, and English are official) Guinea-Bissau Portuguese (official), Crioulo, African languages Qatar Arabic (official), English commonly used as a second language Reunion French (official), Creole widely used Marshall Islands English (widely spoken as a second language, both English and Marshallese are official languages), two major Marshallese dialects from the Malayo-Polynesian family, Japanese Romania Romanian, Hungarian, German Philippines two official languages - Filipino (based on Tagalog) and English; eight major dialects - Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocan, Hiligaynon or Ilonggo, Bicol, Waray, Pampango, and Pangasinense Puerto Rico Spanish, English Russia Russian, other Rwanda Kinyarwanda (official) universal Bantu vernacular, French (official), English (official), Kiswahili (Swahili) used in commercial centers Saudi Arabia Arabic Saint Pierre and Miquelon French (official) Saint Kitts and Nevis English Seychelles English (official), French (official), Creole South Africa 11 official languages, including Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Pedi, Sotho, Swazi, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu Senegal French (official), Wolof, Pulaar, Jola, Mandinka Saint Helena English Slovenia Slovenian 91%, Serbo-Croatian 6%, other 3% Sierra Leone English (official, regular use limited to literate minority), Mende (principal vernacular in the south), Temne (principal vernacular in the north), Krio (English-based Creole, spoken by the descendants of freed Jamaican slaves who were settled in the Freetown area, a lingua franca and a first language for 10% of the population but understood by 95%) San Marino Italian Singapore Chinese (official), Malay (official and national), Tamil (official), English (official) Somalia Somali (official), Arabic, Italian, English Spain Castilian Spanish (official) 74%, Catalan 17%, Galician 7%, Basque 2% Saint Lucia English (official), French patois Sudan Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, Sudanic languages, English Svalbard Russian, Norwegian Sweden Swedish South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Syria Arabic (official); Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian widely understood; French, English somewhat understood Switzerland German (official) 63.7%, French (official) 19.2%, Italian (official) 7.6%, Romansch 0.6%, other 8.9% Trinidad and Tobago English (official), Hindi, French, Spanish, Chinese Tromelin Island Thailand Thai, English (secondary language of the elite), ethnic and regional dialects Tajikistan Tajik (official), Russian widely used in government and business Turks and Caicos Islands English (official) Tokelau Tokelauan (a Polynesian language), English Tonga Tongan, English Togo French (official and the language of commerce), Ewe and Mina (the two major African languages in the south), Kabye (sometimes spelled Kabiye) and Dagomba (the two major African languages in the north) Sao Tome and Principe Portuguese (official) Tunisia Arabic (official and one of the languages of commerce), French (commerce) East Timor Tetum (official), Portuguese (official), Indonesian, English Turkey Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic, Armenian, Greek Tuvalu Tuvaluan, English, Samoan, Kiribati (on the island of Nui) Taiwan Mandarin Chinese (official), Taiwanese (Min), Hakka dialects Turkmenistan Turkmen 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7% Tanzania Kiswahili or Swahili (official), Kiunguju (name for Swahili in Zanzibar), English (official, primary language of commerce, administration, and higher education), Arabic (widely spoken in Zanzibar), many local languages Uganda English (official national language, taught in grade schools, used in courts of law and by most newspapers and some radio broadcasts), Ganda or Luganda (most widely used of the Niger-Congo languages, preferred for native language publications in the capital and may be taught in school), other Niger-Congo languages, Nilo-Saharan languages, Swahili, Arabic United Kingdom English, Welsh (about 26% of the population of Wales), Scottish form of Gaelic (about 60,000 in Scotland) Ukraine Ukrainian, Russian, Romanian, Polish, Hungarian United States English, Spanish (spoken by a sizable minority) Burkina Faso French (official), native African languages belonging to Sudanic family spoken by 90% of the population Uruguay Spanish, Portunol, or Brazilero (Portuguese-Spanish mix on the Brazilian frontier) Uzbekistan Uzbek 74.3%, Russian 14.2%, Tajik 4.4%, other 7.1% Saint Vincent and the Grenadines English, French patois Venezuela Spanish (official), numerous indigenous dialects British Virgin Islands English (official) Vietnam Vietnamese (official), English (increasingly favored as a second language), some French, Chinese, and Khmer; mountain area languages (Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian) Virgin Islands English (official), Spanish, Creole Holy See (Vatican City) Italian, Latin, French, various other languages Namibia English 7% (official), Afrikaans common language of most of the population and about 60% of the white population, German 32%, indigenous languages: Oshivambo, Herero, Nama West Bank Arabic, Hebrew (spoken by Israeli settlers and many Palestinians), English (widely understood) Wallis and Futuna French, Wallisian (indigenous Polynesian language) Western Sahara Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan Arabic Wake Island Samoa Samoan (Polynesian), English Swaziland English (official, government business conducted in English), siSwati (official) Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean World Chinese, Mandarin 14.37%, Hindi 6.02%, English 5.61%, Spanish 5.59%, Bengali 3.4%, Portuguese 2.63%, Russian 2.75%, Japanese 2.06%, German, Standard 1.64%, Korean 1.28%, French 1.27% (2000 est.) Serbia and Montenegro Serbian 95%, Albanian 5% Yemen Arabic Zambia English (official), major vernaculars - Bemba, Kaonda, Lozi, Lunda, Luvale, Nyanja, Tonga, and about 70 other indigenous languages Atlantic Ocean Zimbabwe English (official), Shona, Sindebele (the language of the Ndebele, sometimes called Ndebele), numerous but minor tribal dialects Pacific Ocean Argentina Spanish (official), English, Italian, German, French Australia English, native languages Ashmore and Cartier Islands Austria German Anguilla English (official) Antarctica Bahrain Arabic, English, Farsi, Urdu Barbados English Botswana English (official), Setswana Bermuda English (official), Portuguese Belgium Dutch 58%, French 32%, German 10%, legally bilingual (Dutch and French) Bahamas, The English, Creole (among Haitian immigrants) Bangladesh Bangla (official, also known as Bengali), English Belize English (official), Spanish, Mayan, Garifuna (Carib), Creole Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian Bolivia Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara (official) Burma Burmese, minority ethnic groups have their own languages Benin French (official), Fon and Yoruba (most common vernaculars in south), tribal languages (at least six major ones in north) Belarus Byelorussian, Russian, other Solomon Islands Melanesian pidgin in much of the country is lingua franca, English spoken by 1%-2% of population note:  120 indigenous languages Navassa Island Brazil Portuguese (official), Spanish, English, French Bassas da India Bhutan Dzongkha (official), Bhotes speak various Tibetan dialects, Nepalese speak various Nepalese dialects Bulgaria Bulgarian, secondary languages closely correspond to ethnic breakdown Bouvet Island Brunei Malay (official), English, Chinese Burundi Kirundi (official), French (official), Swahili (along Lake Tanganyika and in the Bujumbura area) Canada English 59.3% (official), French 23.2% (official), other 17.5% Cambodia Khmer (official) 95%, French, English Chad French (official), Arabic (official), Sara and Sango (in south), more than 100 different languages and dialects Sri Lanka Sinhala (official and national language) 74%, Tamil (national language) 18%, other 8% note:  English is commonly used in government and is spoken competently by about 10% of the population Congo, Republic of the French (official), Lingala and Monokutuba (lingua franca trade languages), many local languages and dialects (of which Kikongo has the most users) Congo, Democratic Republic of the French (official), Lingala (a lingua franca trade language), Kingwana (a dialect of Kiswahili or Swahili), Kikongo, Tshiluba China Standard Chinese or Mandarin (Putonghua, based on the Beijing dialect), Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghaiese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, minority languages (see Ethnic groups entry) Chile Spanish Cayman Islands English Cocos (Keeling) Islands English, Malay Cameroon 24 major African language groups, English (official), French (official) Comoros Arabic (official), French (official), Comoran (a blend of Swahili and Arabic) Colombia Spanish Northern Mariana Islands English, Chamorro, Carolinian note:  86% of population speaks a language other than English at home Coral Sea Islands Costa Rica Spanish (official), English spoken around Puerto Limon Central African Republic French (official), Sangho (lingua franca and national language), Arabic, Hunsa, Swahili Cuba Spanish Cape Verde Portuguese, Crioulo (a blend of Portuguese and West African words) Cook Islands English (official), Maori Cyprus Greek, Turkish, English Denmark Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic (an Inuit dialect), German (small minority) note:  English is the predominant second language Djibouti French (official), Arabic (official), Somali, Afar Dominica English (official), French patois Jarvis Island Dominican Republic Spanish Ecuador Spanish (official), Amerindian languages (especially Quechua) Egypt Arabic (official), English and French widely understood by educated classes Ireland English is the language generally used, Irish (Gaelic) spoken mainly in areas located along the western seaboard Equatorial Guinea Spanish (official), French (official), pidgin English, Fang, Bubi, Ibo Estonia Estonian (official), Russian, Ukrainian, English, Finnish, other Eritrea Afar, Amharic, Arabic, Tigre and Kunama, Tigrinya, other Cushitic languages El Salvador Spanish, Nahua (among some Amerindians) Ethiopia Amharic, Tigrinya, Oromigna, Guaragigna, Somali, Arabic, other local languages, English (major foreign language taught in schools) Europa Island Czech Republic Czech French Guiana French Finland Finnish 93.4% (official), Swedish 5.9% (official), small Lapp- and Russian-speaking minorities Fiji English (official), Fijian, Hindustani Micronesia, Federated States of English (official and common language), Trukese, Pohnpeian, Yapese, Kosrean Faroe Islands Faroese (derived from Old Norse), Danish French Polynesia French (official), Tahitian (official) Baker Island France French 100%, rapidly declining regional dialects and languages (Provencal, Breton, Alsatian, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish) French Southern and Antarctic Lands Gambia, The English (official), Mandinka, Wolof, Fula, other indigenous vernaculars Gabon French (official), Fang, Myene, Bateke, Bapounou/Eschira, Bandjabi Georgia Georgian 71% (official), Russian 9%, Armenian 7%, Azeri 6%, other 7% note:  Abkhaz is the official language in Abkhazia Ghana English (official), African languages (including Akan, Moshi-Dagomba, Ewe, and Ga) Gibraltar English (used in schools and for official purposes), Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Russian Grenada English (official), French patois Guernsey English, French, Norman-French dialect spoken in country districts Greenland Greenlandic (East Inuit), Danish, English Germany German Glorioso Islands Guadeloupe French (official) 99%, Creole patois Guam English, Chamorro, Japanese Greece Greek 99% (official), English, French Guatemala Spanish 60%, Amerindian languages 40% (more than 20 Amerindian languages, including Quiche, Cakchiquel, Kekchi, Mam, Garifuna, and Xinca) Guinea French (official), each ethnic group has its own language Guyana English, Amerindian dialects, Creole, Hindi, Urdu Gaza Strip Arabic, Hebrew (spoken by Israeli settlers and many Palestinians), English (widely understood) Haiti French (official), Creole (official) Hong Kong Chinese (Cantonese), English; both are official Heard Island and McDonald Islands Honduras Spanish, Amerindian dialects Howland Island Croatia Croatian 96%, other 4% (including Italian, Hungarian, Czech, Slovak, and German) Hungary Hungarian 98.2%, other 1.8% Iceland Icelandic Indonesia Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects, the most widely spoken of which is Javanese Man, Isle of English, Manx Gaelic India English enjoys associate status but is the most important language for national, political, and commercial communication, Hindi the national language and primary tongue of 30% of the people, Bengali (official), Telugu (official), Marathi (official), Tamil (official), Urdu (official), Gujarati (official), Malayalam (official), Kannada (official), Oriya (official), Punjabi (official), Assamese (official), Kashmiri (official), Sindhi (official), Sanskrit (official), Hindustani (a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu spoken widely throughout northern India) note:  24 languages each spoken by a million or more persons; numerous other languages and dialects, for the most part mutually unintelligible British Indian Ocean Territory Clipperton Island Iran Persian and Persian dialects 58%, Turkic and Turkic dialects 26%, Kurdish 9%, Luri 2%, Balochi 1%, Arabic 1%, Turkish 1%, other 2% Israel Hebrew (official), Arabic used officially for Arab minority, English most commonly used foreign language Italy Italian (official), German (parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region are predominantly German speaking), French (small French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aosta region), Slovene (Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area) Cote d'Ivoire French (official), 60 native dialects with Dioula the most widely spoken Iraq Arabic, Kurdish (official in Kurdish regions), Assyrian, Armenian Japan Japanese Jersey English (official), French (official), Norman-French dialect spoken in country districts Jamaica English, Creole Jan Mayen Jordan Arabic (official), English widely understood among upper and middle classes Johnston Atoll Juan de Nova Island Kenya English (official), Kiswahili (official), numerous indigenous languages Kyrgyzstan Kirghiz (Kyrgyz) - official language, Russian - official language note:  in May 2000, the Kyrgyzstani legislature made Russian an official language, equal in status to Kirghiz Korea, North Korean Kingman Reef Kiribati English (official), I-Kiribati Korea, South Korean, English widely taught in junior high and high school Christmas Island English, Chinese, Malay Kuwait Arabic (official), English widely spoken Kazakhstan Kazakh (Qazaq, state language) 40%, Russian (official, used in everyday business) 66% Laos Lao (official), French, English, and various ethnic languages Lebanon Arabic (official), French, English, Armenian Latvia Latvian or Lettish (official), Lithuanian, Russian, other Lithuania Lithuanian (official), Polish, Russian Liberia English 20% (official), some 20 ethnic group languages, of which a few can be written and are used in correspondence Slovakia Slovak (official), Hungarian Palmyra Atoll Liechtenstein German (official), Alemannic dialect Lesotho Sesotho (southern Sotho), English (official), Zulu, Xhosa Luxembourg Luxembourgish (national language), German (administrative language), French (administrative language) Libya Arabic, Italian, English, all are widely understood in the major cities Madagascar French (official), Malagasy (official) Martinique French, Creole patois Macau Portuguese, Chinese (Cantonese) Moldova Moldovan (official, virtually the same as the Romanian language), Russian, Gagauz (a Turkish dialect) Mayotte Mahorian (a Swahili dialect), French (official language) spoken by 35% of the population Mongolia Khalkha Mongol 90%, Turkic, Russian (1999) Montserrat English Malawi English (official), Chichewa (official), other languages important regionally Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonian 70%, Albanian 21%, Turkish 3%, Serbo-Croatian 3%, other 3% Mali French (official), Bambara 80%, numerous African languages Monaco French (official), English, Italian, Monegasque Morocco Arabic (official), Berber dialects, French often the language of business, government, and diplomacy Mauritius English (official), Creole, French, Hindi, Urdu, Hakka, Bojpoori Midway Islands Mauritania Hasaniya Arabic (official), Pular, Soninke, Wolof (official), French Malta Maltese (official), English (official) Oman Arabic (official), English, Baluchi, Urdu, Indian dialects Maldives Maldivian Dhivehi (dialect of Sinhala, script derived from Arabic), English spoken by most government officials Mexico Spanish, various Mayan, Nahuatl, and other regional indigenous languages Malaysia Bahasa Melayu (official), English, Chinese dialects (Cantonese, Mandarin, Hokkien, Hakka, Hainan, Foochow), Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Panjabi, Thai; note - in addition, in East Malaysia several indigenous languages are spoken, the largest of which are Iban and Kadazan Mozambique Portuguese (official), indigenous dialects New Caledonia French (official), 33 Melanesian-Polynesian dialects Niue Polynesian closely related to Tongan and Samoan, English Norfolk Island English (official), Norfolk a mixture of 18th century English and ancient Tahitian Niger French (official), Hausa, Djerma Vanuatu English (official), French (official), pidgin (known as Bislama or Bichelama) Nigeria English (official), Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo (Ibo), Fulani Netherlands Dutch Norway Norwegian (official) note:  small Sami- and Finnish-speaking minorities Nepal Nepali (official; spoken by 90% of the population), about a dozen other languages and about 30 major dialects; note - many in government and business also speak English (1995) Nauru Nauruan (official, a distinct Pacific Island language), English widely understood, spoken, and used for most government and commercial purposes Suriname Dutch (official), English (widely spoken), Sranang Tongo (Surinamese, sometimes called Taki-Taki, is native language of Creoles and much of the younger population and is lingua franca among others), Hindustani (a dialect of Hindi), Javanese Netherlands Antilles Dutch (official), Papiamento (a Spanish-Portuguese-Dutch-English dialect) predominates, English widely spoken, Spanish Nicaragua Spanish (official) note:  English and indigenous languages on Atlantic coast New Zealand English (official), Maori Southern Ocean Paraguay Spanish (official), Guarani (official) Pitcairn Islands English (official), Pitcairnese (mixture of an 18th century English dialect and a Tahitian dialect) Peru Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara Paracel Islands Spratly Islands Pakistan Punjabi 48%, Sindhi 12%, Siraiki (a Punjabi variant) 10%, Pashtu 8%, Urdu (official) 8%, Balochi 3%, Hindko 2%, Brahui 1%, English (official and lingua franca of Pakistani elite and most government ministries), Burushaski, and other 8% Poland Polish Panama Spanish (official), English 14% note:  many Panamanians bilingual Portugal Portuguese Papua New Guinea English spoken by 1%-2%, pidgin English widespread, Motu spoken in Papua region note:  715 indigenous languages Palau English and Palauan official in all states except Sonsoral (Sonsorolese and English are official), Tobi (Tobi and English are official), and Angaur (Angaur, Japanese, and English are official) Guinea-Bissau Portuguese (official), Crioulo, African languages Qatar Arabic (official), English commonly used as a second language Reunion French (official), Creole widely used Marshall Islands English (universally spoken and is the official language), two major Marshallese dialects from the Malayo-Polynesian family, Japanese Romania Romanian, Hungarian, German Philippines two official languages - Filipino (based on Tagalog) and English, eight major dialects - Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocan, Hiligaynon or Ilonggo, Bicol, Waray, Pampango, and Pangasinense Puerto Rico Spanish, English Russia Russian, other Rwanda Kinyarwanda (official) universal Bantu vernacular, French (official), English (official), Kiswahili (Swahili) used in commercial centers Saudi Arabia Arabic Saint Pierre and Miquelon French Saint Kitts and Nevis English Seychelles English (official), French (official), Creole South Africa 11 official languages, including Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Pedi, Sotho, Swazi, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu Senegal French (official), Wolof, Pulaar, Jola, Mandinka Saint Helena English Slovenia Slovenian 91%, Serbo-Croatian 6%, other 3% Sierra Leone English (official, regular use limited to literate minority), Mende (principal vernacular in the south), Temne (principal vernacular in the north), Krio (English-based Creole, spoken by the descendants of freed Jamaican slaves who were settled in the Freetown area, a lingua franca and a first language for 10% of the population but understood by 95%) San Marino Italian Singapore Chinese (official), Malay (official and national), Tamil (official), English (official) Somalia Somali (official), Arabic, Italian, English Spain Castilian Spanish (official) 74%, Catalan 17%, Galician 7%, Basque 2% Saint Lucia English (official), French patois Sudan Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, Sudanic languages, English note:  program of "Arabization" in process Svalbard Russian, Norwegian Sweden Swedish note:  small Lapp- and Finnish-speaking minorities South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Syria Arabic (official); Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian widely understood; French, English somewhat understood Switzerland German (official) 63.7%, French (official) 19.2%, Italian (official) 7.6%, Romansch 0.6%, other 8.9% Trinidad and Tobago English (official), Hindi, French, Spanish, Chinese Tromelin Island Thailand Thai, English (secondary language of the elite), ethnic and regional dialects Tajikistan Tajik (official), Russian widely used in government and business Turks and Caicos Islands English (official) Tokelau Tokelauan (a Polynesian language), English Tonga Tongan, English Togo French (official and the language of commerce), Ewe and Mina (the two major African languages in the south), Kabye (sometimes spelled Kabiye) and Dagomba (the two major African languages in the north) Sao Tome and Principe Portuguese (official) Tunisia Arabic (official and one of the languages of commerce), French (commerce) Turkey Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic, Armenian, Greek Tuvalu Tuvaluan, English Taiwan Mandarin Chinese (official), Taiwanese (Min), Hakka dialects Turkmenistan Turkmen 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7% Tanzania Kiswahili or Swahili (official), Kiunguju (name for Swahili in Zanzibar), English (official, primary language of commerce, administration, and higher education), Arabic (widely spoken in Zanzibar), many local languages note:  Kiswahili (Swahili) is the mother tongue of the Bantu people living in Zanzibar and nearby coastal Tanzania; although Kiswahili is Bantu in structure and origin, its vocabulary draws on a variety of sources, including Arabic and English, and it has become the lingua franca of central and eastern Africa; the first language of most people is one of the local languages Uganda English (official national language, taught in grade schools, used in courts of law and by most newspapers and some radio broadcasts), Ganda or Luganda (most widely used of the Niger-Congo languages, preferred for native language publications in the capital and may be taught in school), other Niger-Congo languages, Nilo-Saharan languages, Swahili, Arabic United Kingdom English, Welsh (about 26% of the population of Wales), Scottish form of Gaelic (about 60,000 in Scotland) Ukraine Ukrainian, Russian, Romanian, Polish, Hungarian United States English, Spanish (spoken by a sizable minority) Burkina Faso French (official), native African languages belonging to Sudanic family spoken by 90% of the population Uruguay Spanish, Portunol, or Brazilero (Portuguese-Spanish mix on the Brazilian frontier) Uzbekistan Uzbek 74.3%, Russian 14.2%, Tajik 4.4%, other 7.1% Saint Vincent and the Grenadines English, French patois Venezuela Spanish (official), numerous indigenous dialects British Virgin Islands English (official) Vietnam Vietnamese (official), English (increasingly favored as a second language), some French, Chinese, and Khmer; mountain area languages (Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian) Virgin Islands English (official), Spanish, Creole Holy See (Vatican City) Italian, Latin, French, various other languages Namibia English 7% (official), Afrikaans common language of most of the population and about 60% of the white population, German 32%, indigenous languages: Oshivambo, Herero, Nama West Bank Arabic, Hebrew (spoken by Israeli settlers and many Palestinians), English (widely understood) Wallis and Futuna French, Wallisian (indigenous Polynesian language) Western Sahara Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan Arabic Wake Island Samoa Samoan (Polynesian), English Swaziland English (official, government business conducted in English), siSwati (official) Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean World Yemen Arabic Zambia English (official), major vernaculars - Bemba, Kaonda, Lozi, Lunda, Luvale, Nyanja, Tonga, and about 70 other indigenous languages Atlantic Ocean Zimbabwe English (official), Shona, Sindebele (the language of the Ndebele, sometimes called Ndebele), numerous but minor tribal dialects Pacific Ocean World Mandarin Chinese 13.69%, Spanish 5.05%, English 4.84%, Hindi 2.82%, Portuguese 2.77%, Bengali 2.68%, Russian 2.27%, Japanese 1.99%, Standard German 1.49%, Wu Chinese 1.21% (2004 est.) Afghanistan Afghan Persian or Dari (official) 50%, Pashtu (official) 35%, Turkic languages (primarily Uzbek and Turkmen) 11%, 30 minor languages (primarily Balochi and Pashai) 4%, much bilingualism Akrotiri English, Greek Albania Albanian (official - derived from Tosk dialect), Greek, Vlach, Romani, Slavic dialects Algeria Arabic (official), French, Berber dialects American Samoa Samoan 90.6% (closely related to Hawaiian and other Polynesian languages), English 2.9%, Tongan 2.4%, other Pacific islander 2.1%, other 2% Andorra Catalan (official), French, Castilian, Portuguese Angola Portuguese (official), Bantu and other African languages Anguilla English (official) Antarctica Antigua and Barbuda English (official), local dialects Arctic Ocean Argentina Spanish (official), English, Italian, German, French Armenia Armenian 97.7%, Yezidi 1%, Russian 0.9%, other 0.4% (2001 census) Aruba Papiamento (a Spanish-Portuguese-Dutch-English dialect) 66.3%, Spanish 12.6%, English (widely spoken) 7.7%, Dutch (official) 5.8%, other 2.2%, unspecified or unknown 5.3% (2000 census) Ashmore and Cartier Islands Atlantic Ocean Australia English 79.1%, Chinese 2.1%, Italian 1.9%, other 11.1%, unspecified 5.8% (2001 Census) Austria German (official nationwide) 88.6%, Turkish 2.3%, Serbian 2.2%, Croatian (official in Burgenland) 1.6%, other (includes Slovene,official in Carinthia, and Hungarian, official in Burgenland) 5.3% (2001 census) Azerbaijan Azerbaijani (Azeri) 90.3%, Lezgi 2.2%, Russian 1.8%, Armenian 1.5%, other 3.3%, unspecified 1% (1999 census) Bahamas, The English (official), Creole (among Haitian immigrants) Bahrain Arabic, English, Farsi, Urdu United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges Bangladesh Bangla (official, also known as Bengali), English Barbados English Iles Eparses Belarus Belarusian, Russian, other Belgium Dutch (official) 60%, French (official) 40%, German (official) less than 1%, legally bilingual (Dutch and French) Belize Spanish 46%, Creole 32.9%, Mayan dialects 8.9%, English 3.9% (official), Garifuna 3.4% (Carib), German 3.3%, other 1.4%, unknown 0.2% (2000 census) Benin French (official), Fon and Yoruba (most common vernaculars in south), tribal languages (at least six major ones in north) Bermuda English (official), Portuguese Bhutan Dzongkha (official), Bhotes speak various Tibetan dialects, Nepalese speak various Nepalese dialects Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian Bolivia Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara (official) Botswana Setswana 78.2%, Kalanga 7.9%, Sekgalagadi 2.8%, English 2.1% (official), other 8.6%, unspecified 0.4% (2001 census) Bouvet Island Brazil Portuguese (official), Spanish, English, French British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands English (official) Brunei Malay (official), English, Chinese Bulgaria Bulgarian 84.5%, Turkish 9.6%, Roma 4.1%, other and unspecified 1.8% (2001 census) Burkina Faso French (official), native African languages belonging to Sudanic family spoken by 90% of the population Burma Burmese, minority ethnic groups have their own languages Burundi Kirundi (official), French (official), Swahili (along Lake Tanganyika and in the Bujumbura area) Cambodia Khmer (official) 95%, French, English Cameroon 24 major African language groups, English (official), French (official) Canada English (official) 59.3%, French (official) 23.2%, other 17.5% Cape Verde Portuguese, Crioulo (a blend of Portuguese and West African words) Cayman Islands English Central African Republic French (official), Sangho (lingua franca and national language), tribal languages Chad French (official), Arabic (official), Sara (in south), more than 120 different languages and dialects Chile Spanish China Standard Chinese or Mandarin (Putonghua, based on the Beijing dialect), Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghaiese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, minority languages (see Ethnic groups entry) Christmas Island English (official), Chinese, Malay Clipperton Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Malay (Cocos dialect), English Colombia Spanish Comoros Arabic (official), French (official), Shikomoro (a blend of Swahili and Arabic) Cyprus Greek, Turkish, English Congo, Republic of the French (official), Lingala and Monokutuba (lingua franca trade languages), many local languages and dialects (of which Kikongo is the most widespread) Cook Islands English (official), Maori Coral Sea Islands Costa Rica Spanish (official), English Cote d'Ivoire French (official), 60 native dialects with Dioula the most widely spoken Croatia Croatian 96.1%, Serbian 1%, other and undesignated 2.9% (including Italian, Hungarian, Czech, Slovak, and German) (2001 census) El Salvador Spanish, Nahua (among some Amerindians) Egypt Arabic (official), English and French widely understood by educated classes East Timor Tetum (official), Portuguese (official), Indonesian, English Ecuador Spanish (official), Amerindian languages (especially Quechua) Dominican Republic Spanish Dominica English (official), French patois Dhekelia English, Greek Djibouti French (official), Arabic (official), Somali, Afar Denmark Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic (an Inuit dialect), German (small minority) Czech Republic Czech 94.9%, Slovak 2%, other 2.3%, unidentified 0.8% (2001 census) Cuba Spanish Equatorial Guinea Spanish 67.6% (official), other 32.4% (includes French (official), Fang, Bubi) (1994 census) Eritrea Afar, Arabic, Tigre and Kunama, Tigrinya, other Cushitic languages Estonia Estonian (official) 67.3%, Russian 29.7%, other 2.3%, unknown 0.7% (2000 census) Ethiopia Amarigna 32.7%, Oromigna 31.6%, Tigrigna 6.1%, Somaligna 6%, Guaragigna 3.5%, Sidamigna 3.5%, Hadiyigna 1.7%, other 14.8%, English (major foreign language taught in schools) (1994 census) Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) English Faroe Islands Faroese (derived from Old Norse), Danish Fiji English (official), Fijian (official), Hindustani Finland Finnish 92% (official), Swedish 5.6% (official), other 2.4% (small Sami- and Russian-speaking minorities) (2003) France French 100%, rapidly declining regional dialects and languages (Provencal, Breton, Alsatian, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish) French Polynesia French 61.1% (official), Polynesian 31.4% (official), Asian languages 1.2%, other 0.3%, unspecified 6% (2002 census) French Southern and Antarctic Lands Gabon French (official), Fang, Myene, Nzebi, Bapounou/Eschira, Bandjabi Gambia, The English (official), Mandinka, Wolof, Fula, other indigenous vernaculars Gaza Strip Arabic, Hebrew (spoken by many Palestinians), English (widely understood) Georgia Georgian 71% (official), Russian 9%, Armenian 7%, Azeri 6%, other 7% Germany German Ghana Asante 14.8%, Ewe 12.7%, Fante 9.9%, Boron (Brong) 4.6%, Dagomba 4.3%, Dangme 4.3%, Dagarte (Dagaba) 3.7%, Akyem 3.4%, Ga 3.4%, Akuapem 2.9%, other 36.1% (includes English (official)) (2000 census) Gibraltar English (used in schools and for official purposes), Spanish, Italian, Portuguese Iles Eparses Greece Greek 99% (official), other 1% (includes English and French) Greenland Greenlandic (East Inuit), Danish, English Grenada English (official), French patois Guam English 38.3%, Chamorro 22.2%, Philippine languages 22.2%, other Pacific island languages 6.8%, Asian languages 7%, other languages 3.5% (2000 census) Guatemala Spanish 60%, Amerindian languages 40% (23 officially recognized Amerindian languages, including Quiche, Cakchiquel, Kekchi, Mam, Garifuna, and Xinca) Guernsey English, French, Norman-French dialect spoken in country districts Guinea French (official); note - each ethnic group has its own language Guinea-Bissau Portuguese (official), Crioulo, African languages Guyana English, Amerindian dialects, Creole, Caribbean Hindustani (a dialect of Hindi), Urdu Haiti French (official), Creole (official) Heard Island and McDonald Islands Holy See (Vatican City) Italian, Latin, French, various other languages Honduras Spanish, Amerindian dialects Iceland Icelandic, English, Nordic languages, German widely spoken Hungary Hungarian 93.6%, other or unspecified 6.4% (2001 census) Hong Kong Chinese (Cantonese) 89.2% (official), other Chinese dialects 6.4%, English 3.2% (official), other 1.2% (2001 census) Iles Eparses India English enjoys associate status but is the most important language for national, political, and commercial communication; Hindi is the national language and primary tongue of 30% of the people; there are 14 other official languages: Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese, Kashmiri, Sindhi, and Sanskrit; Hindustani is a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu spoken widely throughout northern India but is not an official language Indian Ocean Indonesia Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects (the most widely spoken of which is Javanese) Iran Persian and Persian dialects 58%, Turkic and Turkic dialects 26%, Kurdish 9%, Luri 2%, Balochi 1%, Arabic 1%, Turkish 1%, other 2% Iraq Arabic, Kurdish (official in Kurdish regions), Assyrian, Armenian Ireland English (official) is the language generally used, Irish (Gaelic or Gaeilge) (official) spoken mainly in areas located along the western seaboard Isle of Man English, Manx Gaelic Israel Hebrew (official), Arabic used officially for Arab minority, English most commonly used foreign language Italy Italian (official), German (parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region are predominantly German speaking), French (small French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aosta region), Slovene (Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area) Jamaica English, English patois Jan Mayen Japan Japanese Jersey English 94.5% (official), Portuguese 4.6%, other 0.9% (2001 census) Jordan Arabic (official), English widely understood among upper and middle classes Kazakhstan Kazakh (Qazaq, state language) 64.4%, Russian (official, used in everyday business, designated the "language of interethnic communication") 95% (2001 est.) Kenya English (official), Kiswahili (official), numerous indigenous languages Kiribati I-Kiribati, English (official) Korea, North Korean Korea, South Korean, English widely taught in junior high and high school Kuwait Arabic (official), English widely spoken Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz 64.7% (official), Uzbek 13.6%, Russian 12.5% (official), Dungun 1%, other 8.2% (1999 census) Laos Lao (official), French, English, and various ethnic languages Latvia Latvian (official) 58.2%, Russian 37.5%, Lithuanian and other 4.3% (2000 census) Lebanon Arabic (official), French, English, Armenian Lesotho Sesotho (southern Sotho), English (official), Zulu, Xhosa Liberia English 20% (official), some 20 ethnic group languages, of which a few can be written and are used in correspondence Libya Arabic, Italian, English, all are widely understood in the major cities Liechtenstein German (official), Alemannic dialect Lithuania Lithuanian (official) 82%, Russian 8%, Polish 5.6%, other and unspecified 4.4% (2001 census) Luxembourg Luxembourgish (national language), German (administrative language), French (administrative language) Macau Cantonese 87.9%, Hokkien 4.4%, Mandarin 1.6%, other Chinese dialects 3.1%, other 3% (2001 census) Macedonia Macedonian 66.5%, Albanian 25.1%, Turkish 3.5%, Roma 1.9%, Serbian 1.2%, other 1.8% (2002 census) Madagascar French (official), Malagasy (official) Malawi Chichewa 57.2% (official), Chinyanja 12.8%, Chiyao 10.1%, Chitumbuka 9.5%, Chisena 2.7%, Chilomwe 2.4%, Chitonga 1.7%, other 3.6% (1998 census) Malaysia Bahasa Malaysia (official), English, Chinese (Cantonese, Mandarin, Hokkien, Hakka, Hainan, Foochow), Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Panjabi, Thai Maldives Maldivian Dhivehi (dialect of Sinhala, script derived from Arabic), English spoken by most government officials Mali French (official), Bambara 80%, numerous African languages Malta Maltese (official), English (official) Marshall Islands Marshallese (official) 98.2%, other languages 1.8% (1999 census) Mauritania Arabic (official), Pulaar, Soninke, French, Hassaniya, Wolof Mauritius Creole 80.5%, Bhojpuri 12.1%, French 3.4%, English (official; spoken by less than 1% of the population), other 3.7%, unspecified 0.3% (2000 census) Mayotte Mahorian (a Swahili dialect), French (official language) spoken by 35% of the population Mexico Spanish, various Mayan, Nahuatl, and other regional indigenous languages Micronesia, Federated States of English (official and common language), Trukese, Pohnpeian, Yapese, Kosrean, Ulithian, Woleaian, Nukuoro, Kapingamarangi Moldova Moldovan (official, virtually the same as the Romanian language), Russian, Gagauz (a Turkish dialect) Monaco French (official), English, Italian, Monegasque Mongolia Khalkha Mongol 90%, Turkic, Russian (1999) Montenegro Serbian (official; Ijekavian dialect), Bosnian, Albanian, Croatian Montserrat English Morocco Arabic (official), Berber dialects, French often the language of business, government, and diplomacy Mozambique Emakhuwa 26.1%, Xichangana 11.3%, Portuguese 8.8% (official; spoken by 27% of population as a second language), Elomwe 7.6%, Cisena 6.8%, Echuwabo 5.8%, other Mozambican languages 32%, other foreign languages 0.3%, unspecified 1.3% (1997 census) Namibia English 7% (official), Afrikaans common language of most of the population and about 60% of the white population, German 32%, indigenous languages 1% (includes Oshivambo, Herero, Nama) Nauru Nauruan (official; a distinct Pacific Island language), English widely understood, spoken, and used for most government and commercial purposes Navassa Island Nepal Nepali 47.8%, Maithali 12.1%, Bhojpuri 7.4%, Tharu (Dagaura/Rana) 5.8%, Tamang 5.1%, Newar 3.6%, Magar 3.3%, Awadhi 2.4%, other 10%, unspecified 2.5% (2001 census) Netherlands Dutch (official), Frisian (official) Netherlands Antilles Papiamento 65.4% (a Spanish-Portuguese-Dutch-English dialect), English 15.9% (widely spoken), Dutch 7.3% (official), Spanish 6.1%, Creole 1.6%, other 1.9%, unspecified 1.8% (2001 census) New Caledonia French (official), 33 Melanesian-Polynesian dialects New Zealand English (official), Maori (official), Sign Language (official) Nicaragua Spanish 97.5% (official), Miskito 1.7%, other 0.8% (1995 census) Niger French (official), Hausa, Djerma Nigeria English (official), Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo (Ibo), Fulani Niue Niuean, a Polynesian language closely related to Tongan and Samoan; English Norfolk Island English (official), Norfolk a mixture of 18th century English and ancient Tahitian Northern Mariana Islands Philippine languages 24.4%, Chinese 23.4%, Chamorro 22.4%, English 10.8%, other Pacific island languages 9.5%, other 9.6% (2000 census) Norway Bokmal Norwegian (official), Nynorsk Norwegian (official), small Sami- and Finnish-speaking minorities; note - Sami is official in six municipalities Pacific Ocean Pakistan Punjabi 48%, Sindhi 12%, Siraiki (a Punjabi variant) 10%, Pashtu 8%, Urdu (official) 8%, Balochi 3%, Hindko 2%, Brahui 1%, English (official; lingua franca of Pakistani elite and most government ministries), Burushaski and other 8% Palau Palauan 64.7% official in all islands except Sonsoral (Sonsoralese and English are official), Tobi (Tobi and English are official), and Angaur (Angaur, Japanese, and English are official), Filipino 13.5%, English 9.4%, Chinese 5.7%, Carolinian 1.5%, Japanese 1.5%, other Asian 2.3%, other languages 1.5% (2000 census) Panama Spanish (official), English 14%; note - many Panamanians bilingual Papua New Guinea Melanesian Pidgin serves as the lingua franca, English spoken by 1%-2%, Motu spoken in Papua region Paracel Islands Paraguay Spanish (official), Guarani (official) Peru Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara, and a large number of minor Amazonian languages Philippines Filipino (official; based on Tagalog) and English (official); eight major dialects - Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, Hiligaynon or Ilonggo, Bicol, Waray, Pampango, and Pangasinan Pitcairn Islands English (official), Pitcairnese (mixture of an 18th century English dialect and a Tahitian dialect) Poland Polish 97.8%, other and unspecified 2.2% (2002 census) Portugal Portuguese (official), Mirandese (official - but locally used) Puerto Rico Spanish, English Qatar Arabic (official), English commonly used as a second language Romania Romanian 91% (official), Hungarian 6.7%, Romany (Gypsy) 1.1%, other 1.2% Uganda English (official national language, taught in grade schools, used in courts of law and by most newspapers and some radio broadcasts), Ganda or Luganda (most widely used of the Niger-Congo languages, preferred for native language publications in the capital and may be taught in school), other Niger-Congo languages, Nilo-Saharan languages, Swahili, Arabic Tuvalu Tuvaluan, English, Samoan, Kiribati (on the island of Nui) Turks and Caicos Islands English (official) Turkmenistan Turkmen 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7% Turkey Turkish (official), Kurdish, Dimli (or Zaza), Azeri, Kabardian Tunisia Arabic (official and one of the languages of commerce), French (commerce) Trinidad and Tobago English (official), Caribbean Hindustani (a dialect of Hindi), French, Spanish, Chinese Tokelau Tokelauan (a Polynesian language), English Tonga Tongan, English Togo French (official and the language of commerce), Ewe and Mina (the two major African languages in the south), Kabye (sometimes spelled Kabiye) and Dagomba (the two major African languages in the north) Thailand Thai, English (secondary language of the elite), ethnic and regional dialects Tanzania Kiswahili or Swahili (official), Kiunguja (name for Swahili in Zanzibar), English (official, primary language of commerce, administration, and higher education), Arabic (widely spoken in Zanzibar), many local languages Tajikistan Tajik (official), Russian widely used in government and business Syria Arabic (official); Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian widely understood; French, English somewhat understood Switzerland German (official) 63.7%, French (official) 20.4%, Italian (official) 6.5%, Serbo-Croatian 1.5%, Albanian 1.3%, Portuguese 1.2%, Spanish 1.1%, English 1%, Romansch 0.5%, other 2.8% (2000 census) Sweden Swedish, small Sami- and Finnish-speaking minorities Swaziland English (official, government business conducted in English), siSwati (official) Svalbard Norwegian, Russian Suriname Dutch (official), English (widely spoken), Sranang Tongo (Surinamese, sometimes called Taki-Taki, is native language of Creoles and much of the younger population and is lingua franca among others), Caribbean Hindustani (a dialect of Hindi), Javanese Sudan Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, Sudanic languages, English Spratly Islands Sri Lanka Sinhala (official and national language) 74%, Tamil (national language) 18%, other 8% Southern Ocean Spain Castilian Spanish (official) 74%, Catalan 17%, Galician 7%, Basque 2%, are official regionally South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands South Africa IsiZulu 23.8%, IsiXhosa 17.6%, Afrikaans 13.3%, Sepedi 9.4%, English 8.2%, Setswana 8.2%, Sesotho 7.9%, Xitsonga 4.4%, other 7.2% (2001 census) Somalia Somali (official), Arabic, Italian, English Solomon Islands Melanesian pidgin in much of the country is lingua franca; English (official; but spoken by only 1%-2% of the population); 120 indigenous languages Slovenia Slovenian 91.1%, Serbo-Croatian 4.5%, other or unspecified 4.4% (2002 census) Slovakia Slovak (official) 83.9%, Hungarian 10.7%, Roma 1.8%, Ukrainian 1%, other or unspecified 2.6% (2001 census) Singapore Mandarin 35%, English 23%, Malay 14.1%, Hokkien 11.4%, Cantonese 5.7%, Teochew 4.9%, Tamil 3.2%, other Chinese dialects 1.8%, other 0.9% (2000 census) Sierra Leone English (official, regular use limited to literate minority), Mende (principal vernacular in the south), Temne (principal vernacular in the north), Krio (English-based Creole, spoken by the descendants of freed Jamaican slaves who were settled in the Freetown area, a lingua franca and a first language for 10% of the population but understood by 95%) Congo, Democratic Republic of the French (official), Lingala (a lingua franca trade language), Kingwana (a dialect of Kiswahili or Swahili), Kikongo, Tshiluba Seychelles Creole 91.8%, English 4.9% (official), other 3.1%, unspecified 0.2% (2002 census) Senegal French (official), Wolof, Pulaar, Jola, Mandinka Saudi Arabia Arabic Sao Tome and Principe Portuguese (official) San Marino Italian Samoa Samoan (Polynesian), English Saint Vincent and the Grenadines English, French patois Saint Pierre and Miquelon French (official) Saint Lucia English (official), French patois Saint Helena English Saint Kitts and Nevis English Rwanda Kinyarwanda (official) universal Bantu vernacular, French (official), English (official), Kiswahili (Swahili) used in commercial centers Russia Russian, many minority languages Ukraine Ukrainian (official) 67%, Russian 24%, other 9% (includes small Romanian-, Polish-, and Hungarian-speaking minorities) United Arab Emirates Arabic (official), Persian, English, Hindi, Urdu United Kingdom English, Welsh (about 26% of the population of Wales), Scottish form of Gaelic (about 60,000 in Scotland) United States English 82.1%, Spanish 10.7%, other Indo-European 3.8%, Asian and Pacific island 2.7%, other 0.7% (2000 census) United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges Uruguay Spanish, Portunol, or Brazilero (Portuguese-Spanish mix on the Brazilian frontier) Uzbekistan Uzbek 74.3%, Russian 14.2%, Tajik 4.4%, other 7.1% Vanuatu local languages (more than 100) 72.6%, pidgin (known as Bislama or Bichelama) 23.1%, English 1.9%, French 1.4%, other 0.3%, unspecified 0.7% (1999 Census) Venezuela Spanish (official), numerous indigenous dialects Vietnam Vietnamese (official), English (increasingly favored as a second language), some French, Chinese, and Khmer; mountain area languages (Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian) Virgin Islands English 74.7%, Spanish or Spanish Creole 16.8%, French or French Creole 6.6%, other 1.9% (2000 census) Wake Island Wallis and Futuna Wallisian 58.9% (indigenous Polynesian language), Futunian 30.1%, French 10.8%, other 0.2% (2003 census) United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges Oman Arabic (official), English, Baluchi, Urdu, Indian dialects Iles Eparses United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges Iles Eparses United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges European Union Bulgarian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, Gaelic, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Maltese, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Slovak, Slovene, Spanish, Swedish; note - only official languages are listed Taiwan Mandarin Chinese (official), Taiwanese (Min), Hakka dialects Zimbabwe English (official), Shona, Sindebele (the language of the Ndebele, sometimes called Ndebele), numerous but minor tribal dialects Zambia English (official), major vernaculars - Bemba, Kaonda, Lozi, Lunda, Luvale, Nyanja, Tonga, and about 70 other indigenous languages Western Sahara Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan Arabic Yemen Arabic West Bank Arabic, Hebrew (spoken by Israeli settlers and many Palestinians), English (widely understood) Human Rights UN clears Zim of rights abuses Iraqi Guerrillas Free Remaining Japanese Hostages U.S. Troops hold canadians near Iran-Iraq border Foiling of US bid at UN human rights session hailed more Birth Control Issues Final Arguments Begin in Abortion Ban Case Judge deliberates in abortion trial Cleft lip abortion to be investigated New father dies in car crash just minutes after helping wife more Top | Languages | Jobs | News Archive | WN Links | WN Network | © 1997-2004 World News Network | Contact our Advertising team for Advertising and Sponsorship on WorldNews.com and WorldNews Network